{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:05:29Z","timestamp":1764842729796,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TnP Consultants Company","award":["2020\/0279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/0279"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the development of an electronic system that converts an electrically assisted bicycle into an intelligent health monitoring system, allowing people who are not athletic or who have a history of health issues to progressively start the physical activity by following a medical protocol (e.g., max heart rate and power output, training time). The developed system aims to monitor the health state of the rider, analyze data in real-time, and provide electric assistance, thus diminishing muscular exertion. Furthermore, such a system can recover the same physiological data used in medical centers and program it into the e-bike to track the patient\u2019s health. System validation is conducted by replicating a standard medical protocol used in physiotherapy centers and hospitals, typically conducted in indoor conditions. However, the presented work differentiates itself by implementing this protocol in outdoor environments, which is impossible with the equipment used in medical centers. The experimental results show that the developed electronic prototypes and the algorithm effectively monitored the subject\u2019s physiological condition. Moreover, when necessary, the system can change the training load and help the subject remain in their prescribed cardiac zone. This system allows whoever needs to follow a rehabilitation program to do so not only in their physician\u2019s office, but whenever they want, including while commuting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"4079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and Validity of a Smart Healthcare and Control System for Electric Bikes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli Gabriel","family":"Avina-Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"TNP Consulting, 92200 Neuilly sur-Seine, France"}]},{"given":"Felipe Augusto","family":"Sodre Ferreira de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Escriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Acco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Giraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNP Consulting, 92200 Neuilly sur-Seine, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Fourniols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3823-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Soto-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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