{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T21:15:37Z","timestamp":1772486137413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists","award":["20K19371, NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K19371, NH"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists","award":["18K10702, TA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K10702, TA"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research","award":["20K19371, NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K19371, NH"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research","award":["18K10702, TA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K10702, TA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depth information is important for postural stability and is generated by two visual systems: binocular and motion parallax. The effect of each type of parallax on postural stability remains unclear. We investigated the effects of binocular and motion parallax loss on static postural stability using a virtual reality (VR) system with a head-mounted display (HMD). A total of 24 healthy young adults were asked to stand still on a foam surface fixed on a force plate. They wore an HMD and faced a visual background in the VR system under four visual test conditions: normal vision (Control), absence of motion parallax (Non-MP)\/binocular parallax (Non-BP), and absence of both motion and binocular parallax (Non-P). The sway area and velocity in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions of the center-of-pressure displacements were measured. All postural stability measurements were significantly higher under the Non-MP and Non-P conditions than those under the Control and Non-BP conditions, with no significant differences in the postural stability measurements between the Control and Non-BP conditions. In conclusion, motion parallax has a more prominent effect on static postural stability than binocular parallax, which clarifies the underlying mechanisms of postural instability and informs the development of rehabilitation methods for people with visual impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T02:05:31Z","timestamp":1682042731000},"page":"4139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of the Loss of Binocular and Motion Parallax on Static Postural Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Keita","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoya","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayane","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Akagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University, Oita 870-1124, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadayoshi","family":"Asaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm157","article-title":"Equilibrium during static and dynamic tasks in blind subjects: No evidence of cross-modal plasticity","volume":"130","author":"Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01436","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1436","article-title":"Postural stability in people with visual impairment","volume":"9","author":"Alghadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2003.10.001","article-title":"Monocular versus binocular vision in postural control","volume":"31","author":"Isotalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000022182","article-title":"Visual contributions to postural stability in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-018-0623-4","article-title":"Incidence and causes of visual impairment in Japan: The first nation-wide complete enumeration survey of newly certified visually impaired individuals","volume":"63","author":"Morizane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. 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