{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:01:31Z","timestamp":1776441691202,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-surface Detection Laboratory","award":["6142414200613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142414200613"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early seismic prediction in tunnels has become a necessary task to prevent construction risks. The type and performance of the seismic source are crucial factors that affect its efficiency and prediction accuracy. Among the existing main types of tunnel seismic sources, both explosive and spark sources require pre-drilling and pose safety hazards. In addition, explosive sources pose a risk of damage to tunnel structure walls. Spark sources must be used in a water medium. Artificial hammer sources have weak energy and short prediction distance. This paper proposes a portable tunnel electromagnetic impulse shock source that overcomes the deficiencies of the aforementioned seismic sources. This paper elaborates on the design and working principle of the electromagnetic impulse shock source, and analyzes the electromagnetic force exerted on the hammer body during acceleration. Through finite element simulation, this paper analyzes the multi-physical field changes of the entire electromagnetic acceleration system. Meanwhile, combining experimental testing, the design parameters and energy of the seismic source are optimized to finally design a portable electromagnetic impulse shock source. The engineering measurement data results show that the seismic source can stably generate an output energy of 1500 J, and the overall weight of the seismic source does not exceed 40 kg, with a single shot time less than 30 s and an effective prediction distance over 100 m. This work has significant practical value and superiority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:04:08Z","timestamp":1682305448000},"page":"4213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Portable Tunnel Electromagnetic Impulse Shock Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuning","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2397.2000.00079.x","article-title":"Automatic seismic prediction ahead of the tunnel boring machine","volume":"18","author":"Kneib","year":"2010","journal-title":"First Break"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2017014","article-title":"A shear-wave seismic system using full-waveform inversion to look ahead of a tunnel-boring machine","volume":"15","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Near Surf. 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