{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:48:12Z","timestamp":1780379292179,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["106-2420-H-002-010-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2420-H-002-010-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["107-2410-H-002-129-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2410-H-002-129-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["107-2923-S-002-001-MY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2923-S-002-001-MY"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["107-2634-F-002-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2634-F-002-018"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["108-2634-F-002-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2634-F-002-016"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["108-2420-H-492-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2420-H-492-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["110-2634-F-002-049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2634-F-002-049"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["110-2410-H-002-130-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2410-H-002-130-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s National Council of Science and Technology","award":["111-2223-E-002-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2223-E-002-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In children\u2013robot interactions, an impression of a robot\u2019s \u201csocial presence\u201d (i.e., an interactive agent that feels like a person) links positively to an improved relationship with the robot. However, building relationships takes many exposures, and there is an intellectual gap in how social presence and familiarity collaborate in modulating children\u2013robot relationships. We investigated whether social presence altered over time, how repeated exposure and social presence affected rapport, and how social presence would modulate children\u2019s attitudes toward the robot. Fourteen children (four female, age = 10.79 \u00b1 1.12) interacted with a companion robot for four days in spontaneous interactions. The findings revealed that children who perceived the robot as having a higher social presence developed a stronger rapport than those who perceived a lower social presence. However, repeated encounters did not change the children\u2019s perceptions of the robot\u2019s social presence. Children rated higher rapport after repeated interactions regardless of social presence levels. This suggests that while a higher social presence initially elevated the positive relationship between children and the robot, it was the repeated interactions that continued solidifying the rapport. Additionally, children who perceived a higher social presence from the robot felt less relational uneasiness about their relationship with robots. These findings highlight the importance of robots\u2019 social presence and familiarity in promoting positive relationships in children\u2013robot interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:04:08Z","timestamp":1682305448000},"page":"4231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Effects of Social Presence and Familiarity on Children\u2013Robot Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"MOST Joint Research Center for AI Technology and All Vista Healthcare, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Ling","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"MOST Joint Research Center for AI Technology and All Vista Healthcare, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijane","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of e-Learning, Computer & Information Networking Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-3836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiu-Ping","family":"Yueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Chen","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOST Joint Research Center for AI Technology and All Vista Healthcare, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Smith, A., and Anderson, J. 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