{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:05:00Z","timestamp":1781309100469,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the growing number of devices and their need for internet access, researchers are focusing on integrating various network technologies. Concerning indoor wireless services, a promising approach in this regard is to combine light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi) technologies into a hybrid LiFi and WiFi network (HLWNet). Such a network benefits from LiFi\u2019s distinct capability for high-speed data transmission and from the wide radio coverage offered by WiFi technologies. In this paper, we describe the framework for the HWLNet architecture, providing an overview of the handover methods used in HLWNets and presenting the basic architecture of hybrid LiFi\/WiFi networks, optimization of cell deployment, relevant modulation schemes, illumination constraints, and backhaul device design. The survey also reviews the performance and recent achievements of HLWNets compared to legacy networks with an emphasis on signal to noise and interference ratio (SINR), spectral and power efficiency, and quality of service (QoS). In addition, user behaviour is discussed, considering interference in a LiFi channel is due to user movement, handover frequency, and load balancing. Furthermore, recent advances in indoor positioning and the security of hybrid networks are presented, and finally, directions of the hybrid network\u2019s evolution in the foreseeable future are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T02:06:35Z","timestamp":1682388395000},"page":"4252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Evolution of Hybrid LiFi\u2013WiFi Networks: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Besjedica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Dubrovnik, 20 000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Fertalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatko","family":"Lipovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Dubrovnik, 20 000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0156-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivona","family":"Zakarija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Dubrovnik, 20 000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, V.D.P., Dester, P.S., Gomes Silva, M.S.P.F.D., de Figueiredo, F.A.P., Rodrigues de Lima Tejerina, G., Silveira Santos Filho, J.C., Ferreira, J.S., Mendes, L.L., Souza, R.D., and Cardieri, P. 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