{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:49:26Z","timestamp":1784645366057,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31N458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31N458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a compact dual-wideband fractal antenna is created for Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, C, and X band applications. The proposed antenna consists of a circularly shaped resonator that contains square slots and a ground plane where a gap line is incorporated to increase the gain and bandwidth with a small volume of 40 \u00d7 34 \u00d7 1.6 mm3. The patch was supported by the FR4 dielectric, which had a permittivity of 4.4 and tan \u03b4 = 0.02. A 50 \u2126 microstrip line fed this antenna. The antenna was designed by the HFSS program, and after that, the simulated results were validated using the measured results. The measurement results confirm that the suggested antenna achieves dual-band frequencies ranging from 2.30 to 4.10 GHz, and from 6.10 GHz to 10.0 GHz, resonating at 2.8, 3.51, 6.53, and 9.37 GHz, respectively, for various applications including commercial, scholarly, and medical applications. Moreover, the antenna\u2019s ability to operate within the frequency range of 3.1\u201310.6 GHz is in accordance with the FCC guidelines for the use of UWB antennas in breast cancer detection. Over the operational bands, the gain varied between 2 and 9 dB, and an efficiency of 92% was attained. A good agreement between the simulation and the measured results was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1682396822000},"page":"4254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Ultra-Wideband Compact Fractal Antenna for WiMAX, WLAN, C and X Band Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics, Embedded Systems and Telecommunications (MiSET), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Rhazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics, Embedded Systems and Telecommunications (MiSET), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahime Hassan","family":"Nejdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automatic and Energy Conversion (AEC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima-Ezzahra","family":"Zerrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory IMII, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Saih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics, Embedded Systems and Telecommunications (MiSET), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3099-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarosh","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousa","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S., Ijaz, U., Naseer, S., Ghaffar, A., Qasim, M.A., Abrar, F., Parchin, N.O., See, C.H., and Abd-Alhameed, R. (2022). A Jug-Shaped CPW-Fed Ultra-Wideband Printed Monopole Antenna for Wireless Communications Networks. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020821"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nej, S., Ghosh, A., Ahmad, S., Ghaffar, A., and Hussein, M. (2022). Compact Quad Band MIMO Antenna Design with Enhanced Gain for Wireless Communications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197143"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Gburi, A.J.A., Zakaria, Z., Alsariera, H., Akbar, M.F., Ibrahim, I.M., Ahmad, K.S., Ahmad, S., and Al-Bawri, S.S. (2022). Broadband Circular Polarised Printed Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13071048"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2785","article-title":"Super Compact UWB Monopole Antenna for Small IoT Devices","volume":"73","author":"Zakaria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benkhadda, O., Saih, M., Ahmad, S., Al-Gburi, A.J.A., Zakaria, Z., Chaji, K., and Reha, A. (2023). A Miniaturized Tri-Wideband Sierpinski Hexagonal-Shaped Fractal Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications. Fractal Fract., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fractalfract7020115"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2017.2690463","article-title":"Compact Embedded Dual-Element Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna Combining Sierpinski and Minkowski Fractals","volume":"7","author":"Kiran","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2412659","article-title":"A Compact Koch Fractal UWB MIMO Antenna with WLAN Band-Rejection","volume":"14","author":"Tripathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2163","article-title":"Mandelbrot Fractal Microstrip Antennas","volume":"16","author":"Minervino","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.09.085","article-title":"Study of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna and Its Array with Different Patch Geometries for Short Wave Ka Band Wireless Applications","volume":"115","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2638804","article-title":"Design of Hilbert Fractal Antenna for Partial Discharge Classification in Oil-Paper Insulated System","volume":"17","author":"Harbaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., and Pharwaha, A.P.S. (2019, January 17\u201319). Design and Analysis of Modified Pythagorean Fractal Tree Patch Antenna for Multiband Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2019.8936234"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masroor, I., Ansari, J.A., and Saroj, A.K. (2020, January 5\u20137). Inset-fed cantor set fractal multiband antenna design for wireless applications. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), Belgaum, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET49848.2020.9154012"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2646805","article-title":"Dual-Polarized H-Shaped Printed Slot Antenna","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2920875","article-title":"A Low-Profile Broadband Circularly Polarized mmWave Antenna with Special-Shaped Ring Slot","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2532931","article-title":"Wideband Circularly Polarized Antenna with Stair-Shaped Dielectric Resonator and Open-Ended Slot Ground","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2876166","article-title":"Slit-Slot Line and Its Application to Low Cross-Polarization Slot Antenna and Mutual-Coupling Suppressed Tripolarized MIMO Antenna","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2958961","article-title":"Very-Low-Profile Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Dual-Band WLAN Slot Antenna for On-Body Antenna Application","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-3-143-2005","article-title":"Radiation efficient unidirectional low-profile slot antenna elements for X-band application","volume":"3","author":"Locker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzouk, M., Nejdi, I.H., Rhazi, Y., and Saih, M. (2022, January 3\u20134). A new multi-band fractal antenna using a triangular measured on the 1 GHz to 6 GHz band. Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET), Meknes, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRASET52964.2022.9738391"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzouk, M., Nejdi, I.H., Rhazi, Y., and Saih, M. (2022, January 6\u20137). Multiband and Wide Band Octagonal Fractal Antenna for Telecommunication Applications. Proceedings of the 2022 8th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOA55659.2022.9934313"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, H.E.A.C., de Andrade, H.D., Paiva, J.L.d.S., Fontgalland, G., Junior, I.D.S.Q., and Sousa, M.E.T. (2019, January 10\u201314). Simulation and Performance of a Fractal Microstrip Antenna on the Influence of EBG to ISM Band Application. Proceedings of the 2019 SBMO\/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC), Aveiro, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMOC43827.2019.9317616"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madi, M., Moussa, M., and Kabalan, K.Y. (2019, January 15\u201319). Inward Fractal Dual Band High Gain Compact Antenna. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCS48598.2019.9188220"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"114","article-title":"Circular and elliptical shaped fractal patch antennas for multiple applications","volume":"8","author":"Garhwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC18061805","article-title":"Dual-band modified circular slot antenna for WLAN and WIMAX applications","volume":"85","author":"Gangwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC17111605","article-title":"A compact metamaterial quad-band antenna based on asymmetric E-CRLH unit cell","volume":"81","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04984-6","article-title":"A dual-mode double-sided 4 \u00d7 4 MIMO slot antenna with distinct isolation for WLAN\/WiMAX applications","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31967","article-title":"Dual band modified circular ring shaped slot antenna for GSM and WiMAX applications","volume":"61","author":"Gangwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42321","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3167387","article-title":"Compact Super Wideband Frequency Diversity Hexagonal Shaped Monopole Antenna with Switchable Rejection Band","volume":"10","author":"Faouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5943","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2863110","article-title":"A reconfigurable dual-polarization slot-ring antenna element with wide bandwidth for array applications","volume":"66","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2945624","article-title":"L\/S Multiband Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna for Satellite Applications","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2862624","article-title":"A Simple Planar Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Arc Dipoles","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2018.06.039","article-title":"Hexagonal ring fractal antenna with dumb bell shaped defected ground structure for multiband wireless applications","volume":"94","author":"Mark","year":"2018","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"131","article-title":"A novel printed multiband low cost antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications","volume":"11","author":"Zahraoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2453329","article-title":"Single-Feed Dual-Layer Dual-Band E-Shaped and U-Slot Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Application","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2394473","article-title":"A broadband dual-antenna system operating at the WLAN\/WiMax bands for laptop computers","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2790430","article-title":"Combining FSS and EBG Surfaces for High-Efficiency Transmission and Low-Scattering Properties","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2592179","article-title":"Compact Differential Band-Notched Stepped-Slot UWB-MIMO Antenna with Common-Mode Suppression","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33018","article-title":"Performance enhancement of cross dipole circularly polarized antenna using parasitic \u00e9l\u00e9ments","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (1997). Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:53Z","timestamp":1760124173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}