{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:40:24Z","timestamp":1770748824312,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61905009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61905009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optical sensor system based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) was developed for atmospheric oxygen (O2) detection. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser with butterfly packaging was used to target the O2 absorption line at 760.89 nm. A compact multi-pass gas cell was employed to increase the effective absorption length to 3.3 m. To ensure the stability and anti-interference capability of the sensor in field measurements, the optical module was fabricated with isolation of ambient light and vibration design. A 1f normalized 2f WMS (WMS-2f\/1f) technique was adopted to reduce the effect of laser power drift. In addition, a LabVIEW-based dual-channel lock-in amplifier was developed for harmonic detection, which significantly reduced the sensor volume and cost. The detailed detection principle was described, and a theoretical model was established to verify the effectiveness of the technique. Experiments were carried out to obtain the device\u2019s sensing performances. An Allan deviation analysis yielded a minimum detection limit of 0.054% for 1 s integration time that can be further improved to 0.009% at ~60 s. Finally, the reliability and anti-interference capability of the sensor system were verified by the atmospheric O2 monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:44:42Z","timestamp":1682473482000},"page":"4274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Stable Oxygen Sensor Using a 761 nm DFB Laser and Multi-Pass Absorption Spectroscopy for Field Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jvqiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2013). 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