{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1777284897505,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"The National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China","award":["2019YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China","award":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weighing-In-Motion (WIM) technology is one of the main tools for pavement management. It can accurately describe the traffic situation on the road and minimize overload problems. WIM sensors are the core elements of the WIM system. The excellent basic performance of WIMs sensor and its ability to maintain a stable output under different temperature environments are critical to the entire process of WIM. In this study, a WIM sensor was developed, which adopted a PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic and integrated a temperature probe into the sensor. The designed WIM sensor has the advantages of having a small size, simple structure, high sensitivity, and low cost. A sine loading test was designed to test the basic performance of the piezoelectric sensor by using amplitude scanning and frequency scanning. The test results indicated that the piezoelectric sensor exhibits a clear linear relationship between input load and output voltage under constant environmental temperature. The linear correlation coefficient R2 of the fitting line is up to 0.999, and the sensitivity is 4.04858 mV\/N at a loading frequency of 2 Hz at room temperature. The sensor has good frequency-independent characteristics. However, the temperature has a significant impact on it. Therefore, the output performance of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor is stabilized under different temperature conditions by using a multivariate nonlinear fitting algorithm for temperature compensation. The fitting result R2 is 0.9686, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.2497, and temperature correction was achieved. This study has significant implications for the application of piezoelectric ceramic sensors in road WIM systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1682561914000},"page":"4312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development and Temperature Correction of Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor for Traffic Weighing-In-Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Guanyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Linbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021098","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000616","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Overloaded Vehicles on a Highway Using Weigh-in-Motion Data","volume":"148","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.214","article-title":"Weigh-in-motion for Direct Enforcement of Overloaded Commercial Vehicles","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000561","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Weight Factor on Performance of Piezoelectric Weigh-in-Motion Sensors","volume":"139","author":"Haas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103844","article-title":"Application of weigh-in-motion technologies for pavement and bridge response monitoring: State-of-the-art review","volume":"130","author":"Sujon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baidi, S., Yongfeng, J., Yefeng, B., Bingyan, C., Ke, Y., and Xianming, C. (2022). Weigh-in-Motion System Based on an Improved Kalman and LSTM-Attention Algorithm. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010250"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012113","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/997\/1\/012113","article-title":"Weigh-in-motion sensors and traffic monitoring systems-Sate of the art and development trends","volume":"997","author":"Dontu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Wang, L.B., Zhao, K., and Yang, H.L. (2019). Development of a Novel Piezoelectric Sensing System for Pavement Dynamic Load Identification. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214668"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.03.126","article-title":"Factors affecting the piezoelectric performance of ceramic-polymer composites: A comprehensive review","volume":"47","author":"Eltouby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107245","article-title":"Towards a sustainable monitoring: A self-powered smart transportation infrastructure skin","volume":"98","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M.R., Liu, Y., and Zhou, L.M. (2021). Novel Flexible PVDF-TrFE and PVDF-TrFE\/ZnO Pressure Sensor: Fabrication, Characterization and Investigation. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12060602"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800463","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201800463","article-title":"Advances in Piezoelectric Polymer Composites for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Systematic Review","volume":"304","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"31","article-title":"Design and experimental study of acceleration sensor based on PVDF piezoelectric film","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.085","article-title":"Weigh-in-motion (WIM) sensor response model using pavement stress and deflection","volume":"156","author":"Otto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2017.1329873","article-title":"Investigation on the factors influencing the performance of piezoelectric energy harvester","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piotr, B., Janusz, G., Ryszard, S., Monika, W., and Cezary, D. (2021). High Accuracy Weigh-In-Motion Systems for Direct Enforcement. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238046"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.050","article-title":"An investigation on the aggregate-shape embedded piezoelectric sensor for civil infrastructure health monitoring","volume":"131","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"418","article-title":"Weigh-in-Motion System Testing","volume":"518","year":"2012","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, H.C., and Zhang, Y.N. (2019). Feasibility Study for Using Piezoelectric-Based Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) System on Public Roadway. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153098"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.03.010","article-title":"Dramatical improvement in temperature stability of ZnO modified PNN-PZT ceramics via synergistic effect of doping and composite","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2021.111533","article-title":"Temperature characteristics testing and modifying of piezoelectric composites","volume":"242","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1051\/jnwpu\/20193751011","article-title":"Study on Temperature Characteristics of Ceramic Materials for Piezoelectric Actuators and Model Modification","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao\/J. Northwestern Polytech. Univ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baral, S., Negi, P., Adhikari, S., and Bhalla, S. (2023). Temperature Compensation for Reusable Piezo Configuration for Condition Monitoring of Metallic Structures: EMI Approach. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031587"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4991074","article-title":"A temperature compensation methodology for piezoelectric based sensor devices","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.07.012","article-title":"Langasite crystal based pressure sensor with temperature compensation","volume":"281","author":"Yenuganti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107518","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the performance of electrochemical seismic sensor and the compensation method","volume":"155","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.L., Wei, Y., Zhang, W.D., Ai, Y.B., Ye, Z.J., and Wang, L.B. (2021). Development of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester System through Optimizing Multiple Structural Parameters. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082876"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.L., Yang, Y., Hou, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, P.F., Wang, L.B., and Ma, Y.D. (2022). Investigation of the Temperature Compensation of Piezoelectric Weigh-In-Motion Sensors Using a Machine Learning Approach. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062396"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.555","article-title":"Response of piezoelectric materials to the external temperature, electric field and humidity","volume":"28","author":"Surbhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Yang, H. (2018). Development ofa Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Applications in Collecting Pavement Deformation Energy. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Scicence and Technology]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fatigue properties of cold-recycled asphalt mixture","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:13Z","timestamp":1760124253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}