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In this sense, it presents a unified formulation from which Hermitian symmetric orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (HS-OFDM), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM), single-carrier cyclic prefix (SCCP), and orthogonal time\u2013frequency division multiplexing (OTFDM) can be easily derived. The paper then provides closed-form expressions for quantifying the aforementioned interference in the presence of a frequency domain equalizer. The numerical analyses exhibit the performances of these schemes under various data communication conditions, such as the availability of channel state information, the presence or absence of interference, modeling of additive noise as a white or colored Gaussian random process, frequency domain equalizer type, and the use of bit and power allocation techniques. The closed-form expressions and performance analyses regarding achievable data rate and bit error probability provide guidance for dealing with distinct constraints in narrowband power line communication (PLC) systems using the HS-OFDM, OCDM, SCCP, or OTFDM scheme. Lastly, the unified formulation and results obtained motivate the design of multi-scheme transceivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T05:46:06Z","timestamp":1682660766000},"page":"4363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Performance Analysis of Orthogonal Multiplexing Techniques for PLC Systems with Low Cyclic Prefix Length and Symbol Timing Offset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00falio Fernandes","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ndrei","family":"Camponogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1951-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobia","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Research Center, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Islamabad 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s Vidal","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2764747","article-title":"Hybrid PLC\/Wireless Communication for Smart Grids and Internet of Things Applications","volume":"5","author":"Dib","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2109670","article-title":"For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid","volume":"99","author":"Galli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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