{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:47:43Z","timestamp":1778327263133,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program PERFORM 2020"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Damage detection and localization based on ultrasonic guided waves revealed to be promising for structural health monitoring and nondestructive testing. However, the use of a piezoelectric sensor\u2019s network to locate and image damaged areas in composite structures requires a number of precautions including the consideration of anisotropy and baseline signals. The lack of information related to these two parameters drastically deteriorates the imaging performance of numerous signal processing methods. To avoid such deterioration, the present contribution proposes different methods to build baseline signals in different types of composites. Baseline signals are first constructed from a numerical simulation model using the previously determined elasticity tensor of the structure. Since the latter tensor is not always easy to obtain especially in the case of anisotropic materials, a second PZT network is used in order to obtain signals related to Lamb waves propagating in different directions. Waveforms are then translated according to a simplified theoretical propagation model of Lamb waves in homogeneous structures. The application of the different methods on transversely isotropic, unidirectional and quasi-transversely isotropic composites allows to have satisfactory images that well represent the damaged areas with the help of the delay-and-sum algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1682943131000},"page":"4368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Damage Localization on Composite Structures Based on the Delay-and-Sum Algorithm Using Simulation and Experimental Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1477-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cedric Bertolt","family":"Nzouatchoua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"},{"name":"IRT Jules Verne, NANTES Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Structure et Instrumentation Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e (SII), Inference for Structures (I4S) Team, D\u00e9partement Composants et Syst\u00e8mes (COSYS), Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3234-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad","family":"Bentahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Montresor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-2235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRT Jules Verne, NANTES Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Le Cam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Structure et Instrumentation Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e (SII), Inference for Structures (I4S) Team, D\u00e9partement Composants et Syst\u00e8mes (COSYS), Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Trottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRT Jules Verne, NANTES Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Terrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRT Jules Verne, NANTES Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chang, F.K. 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