{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:01:21Z","timestamp":1773316881806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China","award":["F2019209443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2019209443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modal-free optimization algorithms do not require specific mathematical models, and they, along with their other benefits, have great application potential in adaptive optics. In this study, two different algorithms, the single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithm (SDPD) and the second-order stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm (2SPGD), are proposed for wavefront sensorless adaptive optics, and a theoretical analysis of the algorithms\u2019 convergence rates is presented. The results demonstrate that the single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithm outperforms the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) and 2SPGD algorithms in terms of convergence speed. Then, a 32-unit deformable mirror is constructed as the wavefront corrector, and the SPGD, single-dimensional perturbation descent, and 2SPSA algorithms are used in an adaptive optics numerical simulation model of the wavefront controller. Similarly, a 39-unit deformable mirror is constructed as the wavefront controller, and the SPGD and single-dimensional perturbation descent algorithms are used in an adaptive optics experimental verification device of the wavefront controller. The outcomes demonstrate that the convergence speed of the algorithm developed in this paper is more than twice as fast as that of the SPGD and 2SPGD algorithms, and the convergence accuracy of the algorithm is 4% better than that of the SPGD algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1682675693000},"page":"4371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adaptive Optical Closed-Loop Control Based on the Single-Dimensional Perturbation Descent Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}]},{"given":"Yirui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Tangshan Key Laboratory of Advanced Testing and Control Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2014.06.127","article-title":"Stochastic parallel gradient descent laser beam control algorithm for atmospheric compensation in free space optical communication","volume":"125","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970025","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.970025","article-title":"Atmospheric turbulence forecasting using two-stage variational mode decomposition and autoregression towards free-space optical data-transmission link","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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