{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1774171078297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA)","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA)","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cellex","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cellex","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Mir-Puig","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Mir-Puig","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We design and evaluate two experimental systems for a single and simultaneous electro-optical semiconductor optical amplifier Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) mixing system based on the differential modulation mode. These systems and the optimization of their optical and electrical performance largely depend on characteristics of an optical pulse source (OPS), operating at a frequency of f= 39 GHz and a pulse width of 1 ps. The passive power stability of the electro-optical mixing output over one hour is better than 0.3% RMS (root mean square), which is excellent. Additionally, we generate up to 22 dBm of the total average output power with an optical conversion gain of 32 dB, while achieving a record output optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) up to 77 dB. On the other hand, at the SOA\u2013MZI output, the 128 quadratic amplitude modulation (128-QAM) signal at an intermediate frequency (IF), f1, is up-mixed to higher output frequencies nf\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0f1. The advantages of the resulting 128-QAM mixed signal during electrical conversion gains (ECGs) and error vector magnitudes (EVMs) are also evaluated. The performed empirical SOA-MZI mixing can operate up to 118.5 GHz in its high-frequency range. The positive and almost constant conversion gains are achieved. Indeed, the obtained conversion gain values are very close across the entire range of output frequencies. The largest frequency range achieved during experimental work is 118.5 GHz, where the EVM achieves 6% at a symbol rate of 10 GSymb\/s. Moreover, the peak data rate of the 128-QAM up mixed signal can reach 70 GBit\/s. Finally, the study of the simultaneous electro-optical mixing system is accepted with unmatched performance improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1682675693000},"page":"4380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Establishment of an Electro-Optical Mixing Design on a Photonic SOA-MZI Using a Differential Modulation Arrangement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Termos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICFO\u2014The Institute of Photonic Sciences, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab-STICC, CNRS UMR 6285, ENSTA Bretagne, 2 Rue Fran\u00e7ois Verny, CEDEX 09, 29806 Brest, France"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ebrahim-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICFO\u2014The Institute of Photonic Sciences, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"},{"name":"Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-010-9758-1","article-title":"A Review on Terahertz Communications Research","volume":"32","author":"Nagatsuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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