{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:53:23Z","timestamp":1762325603491,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key R&amp;D Plan of China","award":["2021YFB3901300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental stability technology plays an important role in improving the adaptive range, image resolution and ensuring the stability of geometric parameters of aerial mapping camera. Traditional environmental stability methods directly implement active and passive thermal design to optical systems, which is easy to lead to radial temperature difference of optical components, and cannot eliminate the influence of pressure change. To solve the above problem, a method of environment stability design based on multi-dimensional structure is proposed. Firstly, the aerial mapping camera is designed as imaging system component (core) and sealing cylinder (periphery), and a sealed air insulation sandwich is formed between the two parts to realize the sealing design. A thermal interface is reserved outside the seal to avoid the radial thermal stress caused by direct heating of the optical parts, and a multi-dimensional Environmental stability structure is formed. Secondly, the core and the external thermal environment of aerial mapping camera in complex aviation environment are modeled and theoretically analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness and stability of the multi-dimensional structure method is verified by the thermal simulation and the flight. The results show that the thermal control power is 240 W, the thermal gradient of the optical system is less than 5 \u00b0C, the radial temperature difference is less than 0.5 \u00b0C. High quality image and ground measurement accuracy are obtained. Compared with tradition thermal control methods, the proposed method has the advantages of accuracy and low power consumption, which can effectively reduce the power consumption and difficulty of the thermal control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1682943131000},"page":"4421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Environmental Stability Design of the Aerial Mapping Camera Based on Multi-Dimensional Compound Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Airborne Optical Imaging and Measurement, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Optics, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DeYun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39725","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960875","article-title":"Practical Calibration Method for Aerial Mapping Camera Based on Multiple Pinhole Collimator","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"DSM generation and interior orientation determination of IKONOS images using a testfield in Switzerland","volume":"2006","author":"Baltsavias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Fernerkund. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6836","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.006836","article-title":"Calibration of line-scan cameras for precision measurement","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45723","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908451","article-title":"Correction of Barrel Distortion in Fisheye Lens Images Using Image-Based Estimation of Distortion Parameters","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.05.138","article-title":"Developing a thermal control strategy with the method of integrated analysis and experimental verification","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200143\u201320200141","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA20200143","article-title":"System integration and test of GF-7 bi-linear array stereo mapping sensing camera","volume":"50","author":"Chongyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"200118\u2013200111","article-title":"Camera calibration based on color-coded phase-shifted fringe","volume":"48","author":"Boyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463310000421","article-title":"The Global Hawk\/BAMS Navigation System; an Update to the Odyssey","volume":"64","author":"Loegering","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Held, K.J., and Robinson, B.H. (1997, January 13). TIER II Plus Airborne EO Sensor LOS Control and Image Geolocation. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Aspen, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.1997.577989"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"83","article-title":"On-orbit performance tests and stability evaluation of infrared cameras on HJ-2A\/B satellites","volume":"31","author":"Dexin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spacecr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyengar, M., and Lange, D. (2006, January 11). The Goodrich 3rd Generation DB-110 System: Operational on Tactical and Unmanned Aircraft. Proceedings of the Airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) Systems and Applications III, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.666215"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lareau, A.G., and Partynski, A.J. (2000, January 1\u20132). Dual-band framing cameras: Technology and status. Proceedings of the Airborne Reconnaissance XXIV, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2012.01.015","article-title":"Thermal analysis and design of the aerial camera\u2019s primary optical system components","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Sun, L., Liu, F., Liu, X., Li, L., Li, Q., and Hu, R. (2019). Engineering design of an active\u2013passive combined thermal control technology for an aerial optoelectronic platform. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235241"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.460335","article-title":"Multilayer thermal control for high-altitude vertical imaging aerial cameras","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.02.033","article-title":"Thermal contact resistance at low contact pressure: Effect of elastic deformation","volume":"48","author":"Bahrami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Cheng, Z., Jia, P., Zhang, B., Liu, X., and Hu, R. (2019). Impact of thermal control measures on the imaging quality of an aerial optoelectronic sensor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122753"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013709","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3090157","article-title":"A Precise Calibration Method for Line Scan Cameras","volume":"70","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4421\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:27:15Z","timestamp":1760124435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]}}}