{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:43:08Z","timestamp":1780497788461,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the rise of automated vehicles from an engineering and technical perspective, there has been increased research interest concerning the Human and Computer Interactions (HCI) between vulnerable road users (VRUs, such as cyclists and pedestrians) and automated vehicles. As with all HCI challenges, clear communication and a common understanding\u2014in this application of shared road usage\u2014is critical in order to reduce conflicts and crashes between the VRUs and automated vehicles. In an effort to solve this communication challenge, various external human\u2013machine interface (eHMI) solutions have been developed and tested across the world. This paper presents a timely critical review of the literature on the communication between automated vehicles and VRUs in shared spaces. Recent developments will be explored and studies analyzing their effectiveness will be presented, including the innovative use of Virtual Reality (VR) for user assessments. This paper provides insight into several gaps in the eHMI literature and directions for future research, including the need to further research eHMI effects on cyclists, investigate the negative effects of eHMIs, and address the technical challenges of eHMI implementation. Furthermore, it has been underlined that there is a lack of research into the use of eHMIs in shared spaces, where the communication and interaction needs differ from conventional roads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T01:36:38Z","timestamp":1683077798000},"page":"4454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["External Human\u2013Machine Interfaces for Automated Vehicles in Shared Spaces: A Review of the Human\u2013Computer Interaction Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6853-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Brill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Payre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashim","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Horan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart","family":"Birrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). 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