{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:49:30Z","timestamp":1771274970734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C200632111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C200632111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yeungnam University Research","award":["2022R1A2C200632111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C200632111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of mobile communication technology has brought about significant changes in the way people communicate. However, the lack of nonverbal cues in computer-mediated communication can make the accurate interpretation of emotions difficult. This study proposes a novel approach for using emotions as active input in mobile systems. This approach combines psychological and neuroscientific principles to accurately and comprehensively assess an individual\u2019s emotions for use as input in mobile systems. The proposed technique combines facial and heart rate information to recognize users\u2019 five prime emotions, which can be implemented on mobile devices using a front camera and a heart rate sensor. A user evaluation was conducted to verify the efficacy and feasibility of the proposed technique, and the results showed that users could express emotions faster and more accurately, with average recognition accuracies of 90% and 82% for induced and intended emotional expression, respectively. The proposed technique has the potential to enhance the user experience and provide more personalized and dynamic interaction with mobile systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1683165798000},"page":"4460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effective Emoticon Suggestion Technique Based on Active Emotional Input Using Facial Expressions and Heart Rate Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2713-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mincheol","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16678, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute, 9, Jeongjail-ro 213 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4541-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeongkyu","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soontae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108142","article-title":"Physiological and affective responses to emoji faces: Effects on facial muscle activity, skin conductance, heart rate, and self-reported affect","volume":"163","author":"Gantiva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.04.004","article-title":"The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review","volume":"24","author":"Derks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.13","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using facial movement features","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.3","article-title":"Using a smartphone to measure heart rate changes during relived happiness and anger","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griggio, C.F., Mcgrenere, J., and Mackay, W.E. (2019). Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3.CSCW, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359128"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: A comprehensive study","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-012-9175-z","article-title":"Characterization and recognition of emotions from speech using excitation source information","volume":"16","author":"Krothapalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"SVM scheme for speech emotion recognition using MFCC feature","volume":"69","author":"Milton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Castellano, G., Kessous, L., and Caridakis, G. (2008). Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2048568","article-title":"EEG-based emotion recognition in music listening","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canento, F., Fred, A., Silva, H., Gamboa, H., and Louren\u00e7o, A. (2011, January 28\u201331). Multimodal biosignal sensor data handling for emotion recognition. Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2011 IEEE, Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2011.6127029"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3373146","article-title":"No more one liners: Bringing context into emoji recommendations","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Soc. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.5.723","article-title":"Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures","volume":"64","author":"Murphy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassib, M., Buschek, D., Wozniak, P.W., and Alt, F. (2017, January 6\u201311). HeartChat: Heart rate augmented mobile chat to support empathy and awareness. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025758"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.10.3.229","article-title":"Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding","volume":"10","author":"Appelhans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., Johnson, I., Terveen, L., and Hecht, B. (2016, January 17\u201320). \u201cBlissfully happy\u201d or \u201cready tofight\u201d: Varying interpretations of emoji. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohl, H., Stanke, D., and Rohs, M. (2016, January 6\u20139). EmojiZoom: Emoji entry via large overview maps. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935382"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, H., Kluver, D., Thebault-Spieker, J., Terveen, L., and Hecht, B. (2017, January 15\u201318). Understanding emoji ambiguity in context: The role of text in emoji-related miscommunication. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14901"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Wu, F., Wu, S., Huang, Y., and Xie, X. (2018, January 8\u201312). Tweet emoji prediction using hierarchical model with attention. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267305.3274181"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2862363","article-title":"New modality: Emoji challenges in prediction, anticipation, and retrieval","volume":"21","author":"Cappallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Lu, X., Ai, W., Li, H., Mei, Q., and Liu, X. (2018, January 23\u201327). Through a gender lens: Learning usage patterns of emojis from large-scale android users. Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186157"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Barbieri, F., Anke, L.E., Camacho-Collados, J., Schockaert, S., and Saggion, H. (2018). Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebeskind, C., and Liebeskind, S. (2019, January 13\u201317). Emoji prediction for hebrew political domain. Proceedings of the Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316548"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Shen, S., Hu, Z., Lu, X., Mei, Q., and Liu, X. (2019, January 13\u201317). Emoji-powered representation learning for cross-lingual sentiment classification. Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313600"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Guntuku, S., Jakhetiya, V., and Ungar, L. (2019, January 13\u201317). Exploring (dis-)similarities in emoji-emotion association on twitter and weibo. Proceedings of the Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316546"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2020.2966971","article-title":"CAPER: Context-aware personalized emoji recommendation","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Apple (2023, March 05). Animoji. Available online: https:\/\/www.apple.com\/newsroom\/2017\/09\/the-future-ishere-iphone-x\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"LINE Corporation (2023, March 05). LINE: Free Calls & Messages. Available online: https:\/\/line.me\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Google LLC (2023, March 05). Gboard\u2014The Google Keyboard. Available online: https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/gboard-the-google-keyboard\/id1091700242."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"TouchPal (2023, March 05). TouchPal Keyboard. Available online: https:\/\/www.touchpal.com\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Microsoft Research (2023, March 05). Introduction to Bayesian Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/garage\/profiles\/word-flow-keyboard\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"TouchType Ltd (2023, March 05). SwiftKey. Available online: https:\/\/swiftkey.com\/en."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Whirlscape (2023, March 05). Minuum Keyboard. Available online: http:\/\/minuum.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandekar, S., Higg, J., Bian, Y., Won Ryu, C., Talton Iii, J.O., and Kumar, R. (2019, January 13\u201317). Opico: A study of emoji-first communication in a mobile social app. Proceedings of the Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316547"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvina, J., Qu, C., McGrenere, J., and Mackay, W.E. (2019, January 4\u20139). Mojiboard: Generating parametric emojis with gesture keyboards. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312771"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Liu, M., Wong, A., Pudipeddi, R., Hou, B., Wang, D., and Hsieh, G. (2018). Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, ACM."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Ali, A., Wallbaum, T., Wasmann, M., Heuten, W., and Boll, S.C.J. (2017, January 6\u201311). Face2emoji: Using facial emotional expressions to filter emojis. Proceedings of the 2017 Chi Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053086"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urabe, Y., Rzepka, R., and Araki, K. (2013, January 25\u201328). Emoticon recommendation system for effective communication. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, Niagara, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2492517.2492594"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Ojha, A., Jin, Y., and Lee, M. (2015, January 21\u201324). Pictogram generator from Korean sentences using emoticon and saliency map. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, Daegu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2814940.2814991"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Xu, Q., Fu, L.P., and Xu, Y. (2019, January 4\u20139). Emojilization: An automated method for speech to emoji-labeled text. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3313071"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M.R., Wang, R., Xu, X., Li, Q., Sharif, A., and Wobbrock, J.O. (2021, January 8\u201313). Voicemoji: Emoji entry using voice for visually impaired people. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445338"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tigwell, G.W., Gorman, B.M., and Menzies, R. (2020, January 25\u201330). Emoji accessibility for visually impaired people. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376267"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, P., Aggarwal, K., Sahu, P.P., Vatsalya, V., Mitra, S., Singh, V., Veera, V., and Venkatesan, S.M. (2020, January 17\u201320). Photo-realistic emoticon generation using multi-modal input. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3377325.3377533"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Brian (2023, April 19). PLATO Emoticons. Available online: http:\/\/www.platohistory.org\/blog\/2012\/09\/plato-emoticons-revisited.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Fahlman, S. (2023, April 19). Smiley Lore :-). Available online: https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~sef\/sefSmiley.htm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3446211","article-title":"Emoji-powered sentiment and emotion detection from software developers\u2019 communication data","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. TOSEM"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A.X., Igo, M., Facciotti, M., and Karger, D. (2017, January 20\u201321). Using student annotated hashtags and emojis to collect nuanced affective states. Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning@Scale, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3051457.3054014"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagen, L., Falling, M., Lisnichenko, O., Elmadany, A.A., Mehta, P., Abdul-Mageed, M., Costakis, J., and Keller, T.E. (2019, January 9\u201313). Emoji use in Twitter white nationalism communication. Proceedings of the Conference Companion Publication of the 2019 on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3311957.3359495"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kelly, R., and Watts, L. (2015). Experiences of Technology Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design, University of Bath."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Hentschel, J., and Kumar, N. (2017, January 6\u201311). Goodbye text, hello emoji: Mobile communication on WeChat in China. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025800"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griggio, C.F., Sato, A.J., Mackay, W.E., and Yatanil, K. (2021, January 8\u201313). Mediating intimacy with dearboard: A co-customizable keyboard for everyday messaging. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445757"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5178\/lebs.2020.80","article-title":"Cultural differences in emoticon perception: Japanese see the eyes and Dutch the mouth of emoticons","volume":"11","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Evol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.3.550","article-title":"Are there basic emotions?","volume":"99","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.5.805","article-title":"Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant","volume":"76","author":"Russell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0878-6","article-title":"Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions","volume":"50","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271309","article-title":"Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value","volume":"31","author":"Winkielman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024904019590","article-title":"Emotional experience as a function of social context: The role of the other","volume":"21","author":"Jakobs","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.102","article-title":"Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies","volume":"115","author":"Russell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.13.0379","article-title":"Keep your cool or let it out: Nonlinear effects of expressed arousal on perceptions of consumer reviews","volume":"54","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.031","article-title":"The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion","volume":"63","author":"Goldin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott MacKenzie, I. (2015, January 2\u20137). Fitts\u2019 throughput and the remarkable case of touch-based target selection. Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction Technologies: 17th International Conference, HCI International 2015, Part II 17, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20916-6_23"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"CloverStudio (2023, March 05). SPIKA3-Next Generation Opensource Messenger. Available online: https:\/\/www.spika.chat\/."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Microsoft (2023, March 05). Face API. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/products\/cognitive-services\/face."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:28:36Z","timestamp":1760124516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]}}}