{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:40:21Z","timestamp":1773330021836,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3M200591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3M200591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T004716N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T004716N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0E4521N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0E4521N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3M200591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3M200591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T004716N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T004716N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0E4521N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0E4521N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Altered tibiofemoral contact forces represent a risk factor for osteoarthritis onset and progression, making optimization of the knee force distribution a target of treatment strategies. Musculoskeletal model-based simulations are a state-of-the-art method to estimate joint contact forces, but they typically require laboratory-based input and skilled operators. To overcome these limitations, ambulatory methods, relying on inertial measurement units, have been proposed to estimated ground reaction forces and, consequently, knee contact forces out-of-the-lab. This study proposes the use of a full inertial-capture-based musculoskeletal modelling workflow with an underlying probabilistic principal component analysis model trained on 1787 gait cycles in patients with knee osteoarthritis. As validation, five patients with knee osteoarthritis were instrumented with 17 inertial measurement units and 76 opto-reflective markers. Participants performed multiple overground walking trials while motion and inertial capture methods were synchronously recorded. Moderate to strong correlations were found for the inertial capture-based knee contact forces compared to motion capture with root mean square error between 0.15 and 0.40 of body weight. The results show that our workflow can inform and potentially assist clinical practitioners to monitor knee joint loading in physical therapy sessions and eventually assess long-term therapeutic effects in a clinical context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T02:56:51Z","timestamp":1683255411000},"page":"4484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Peak Tibiofemoral Contact Forces Estimated Using IMU-Based Approaches Are Not Significantly Different from Motion Capture-Based Estimations in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Di Raimondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-4538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miel","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6389-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryce Adrian","family":"Killen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Havashinezhadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Turcot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6158-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedicte","family":"Vanwanseele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Jonkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.01.003","article-title":"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"McAlindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"March, L., Cross, M., Lo, C., Arden, N.K., Gates, L., Leyland, K.M., Hawker, G., King, L., and Leyland, K. (2023, March 30). Osteoarthritis: A Serious Disease: Submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Available online: https:\/\/research-information.bris.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/osteoarthritis-a-serious-disease-submitted-to-the-us-food-and-dru?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0237-3","article-title":"Establishing outcome measures in early knee osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Emery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2020). Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Definitions, 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.32388\/ZLFZT1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.05.014","article-title":"Individualized predictions of changes in knee pain, quality of life and walking speed following patient education and exercise therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis\u2014A prognostic model study","volume":"28","author":"Baumbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis is a serious disease","volume":"37","author":"Hawker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"591","article-title":"High tibial osteotomy effectively redistributes compressive knee loads during walking","volume":"41","author":"Pagenstert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080414","article-title":"Bone and cartilage changes following experimental varus or valgus tibial angulation","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.04.007","article-title":"Effects of a 10-week toe-out gait modification intervention in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: A pilot, feasibility study","volume":"22","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9757369","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9757369","article-title":"Effects of Knee Osteoarthritis on Hip and Ankle Gait Mechanics","volume":"2019","author":"Ro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.032","article-title":"Application of principal component analysis in clinical gait research: Identification of systematic differences between healthy and medial knee-osteoarthritic gait","volume":"46","author":"Federolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22023","article-title":"Grand challenge competition to predict in vivo knee loads","volume":"30","author":"Fregly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.046","article-title":"Loading of the knee joint during activities of daily living measured in vivo in five subjects","volume":"43","author":"Kutzner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021016","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4032414","article-title":"Intra-articular knee contact force estimation during walking using force-reaction elements and subject-specific joint model","volume":"138","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102866","article-title":"Effect of the soft tissue artifact on marker measurements and on the calculation of the helical axis of the knee during a gait cycle: A study on the CAMS-Knee data set","volume":"80","author":"Ancillao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2016.1198694","article-title":"Wearable inertial sensors for human movement analysis","volume":"13","author":"Iosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prill, R., Walter, M., Kr\u00f3likowska, A., and Becker, R. (2021). A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy and clinical applications of wearable movement sensors for knee joint rehabilitation. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248221"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.11.008","article-title":"25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: A review of methodological approaches","volume":"51","author":"Picerno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406891","article-title":"IMU-based joint angle measurement for gait analysis","volume":"14","author":"Seel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.04.029","article-title":"Baseline ambulatory knee kinematics are associated with changes in cartilage thickness in osteoarthritic patients over 5 years","volume":"49","author":"Favre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2659758","article-title":"Joint Inertial Sensor Orientation Drift Reduction for Highly Dynamic Movements","volume":"22","author":"Fasel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.04.003","article-title":"Joint kinematics estimate using wearable inertial and magnetic sensing modules","volume":"28","author":"Picerno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teufl, W., Miezal, M., Taetz, B., Frohlichi, M., and Bleser, G. (2019). Validity of inertial sensor based 3D joint kinematics of static and dynamic sport and physiotherapy specific movements. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213064"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.110069","article-title":"Spring-loaded inverted pendulum modeling improves neural network estimation of ground reaction forces","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.02.029","article-title":"Accuracy and repeatability of single-pose calibration of inertial measurement units for whole-body motion analysis","volume":"54","author":"Mecheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J.S., Tippaya, S., Binnie, T., Davey, P., Napier, K., Caneiro, J.P., Kent, P., Smith, A., O\u2019sullivan, P., and Campbell, A. (2022). Predicting Knee Joint Kinematics from Wearable Sensor Data in People with Knee Osteoarthritis and Clinical Considerations for Future Machine Learning Models. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020446"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ancillao, A., Tedesco, S., Barton, J., and O\u2019Flynn, B. (2018). Indirect measurement of ground reaction forces and moments by means of wearable inertial sensors: A systematic review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082564"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00320","article-title":"A Machine Learning Approach to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Loading Using a Mobile Phone-Embedded IMU","volume":"8","author":"Emmerzaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmerzaal, J., De Brabandere, A., Vanrompay, Y., Vranken, J., Storms, V., De Baets, L., Corten, K., Davis, J., Jonkers, I., and Vanwanseele, B. (2020). Towards the monitoring of functional status in a free-living environment for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis: Design and evaluation of the jolo blended care app. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236967"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109327","article-title":"A probabilistic method to estimate gait kinetics in the absence of ground reaction force measurements","volume":"96","author":"Tanghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2575","article-title":"Optimization-based dynamic human walking prediction: One step formulation","volume":"79","author":"Xiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3119773","article-title":"Physics-Based Guidelines for Accepting Reasonable Dynamic Simulations of Movement","volume":"69","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.08.027","article-title":"Computation of ground reaction force using Zero Moment Point","volume":"48","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fcesch, C., Ismailidis, P., Koch, D., Pagenstert, G., Ilchmann, T., Eckardt, A., Stoffel, K., Egloff, C., and M\u00fcndermann, A. (2021). Assessing site specificity of osteoarthritic gait kinematics with wearable sensors and their association with patient reported outcome measures (Proms): Knee versus hip osteoarthritis. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165363"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.06.002","article-title":"The influence of knee joint geometry and alignment on the tibiofemoral load distribution: A computational study","volume":"26","author":"Wesseling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meireles, S., Wesseling, M., Smith, C.R., Thelen, D.G., Verschueren, S., and Jonkers, I. (2017). Medial knee loading is altered in subjects with early osteoarthritis during gait but not during step-up-and-over task. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187583"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.01.013","article-title":"Differences in knee adduction moment between healthy subjects and patients with osteoarthritis depend on the knee axis definition","volume":"53","author":"Meireles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Xsens MVN: Consistent tracking of human motion using inertial sensing","volume":"1","author":"Schepers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Xsens Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Paulich, M., Schepers, M., Rudigkeit, N., and Bellusci, G. (2018). Xsens MTw Awinda: Miniature Wireless Inertial-Magnetic Motion Tracker for Highly Accurate 3D Kinematic Applications. Xsens Technol., 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Raimondo, G., Vanwanseele, B., van der Have, A., Emmerzaal, J., Willems, M., Killen, B.A., and Jonkers, I. (2022). Inertial Sensor-to-Segment Calibration for Accurate 3D Joint Angle Calculation for Use in OpenSim. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093259"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2016.1172346","article-title":"Efficient computation of cartilage contact pressures within dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1326-3","article-title":"Prediction and Validation of Load-Dependent Behavior of the Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints During Movement","volume":"43","author":"Lenhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021017","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4032464","article-title":"The influence of component alignment and ligament properties on tibiofemoral contact forces in total knee replacement","volume":"138","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023390","article-title":"Flexing computational muscle: Modeling and simulation of musculotendon dynamics","volume":"135","author":"Millard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.05.006","article-title":"Gait events during turning can be detected using kinematic features originally proposed for the analysis of straight-line walking","volume":"91","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1174314","article-title":"Development of an IMU-based foot-ground contact detection (FGCD) algorithm","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.09.023","article-title":"Towards optimised IMU-based monitoring of joint kinematics and loading in osteoarthritis subjects","volume":"90","author":"Willems","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatsidis, A., Bellusci, G., Schepers, H.M., de Zee, M., Andersen, M.S., and Veltink, P.H. (2017). Estimation of ground reaction forces and moments during gait using only inertial motion capture. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010075"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.07.181","article-title":"Scaling simplification approaches to estimate musculotendon lengths during running using inertial measurement units","volume":"97","author":"Catelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024","article-title":"OpenSim: Open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2015.06.014","article-title":"Joint contact forces when minimizing the external knee adduction moment by gait modification: A computer simulation study","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7459","article-title":"Knee joint loading in healthy adults during functional exercises: Implications for rehabilitation guidelines","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.016","article-title":"Knee contact forces are not altered in early knee osteoarthritis","volume":"45","author":"Meireles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.001","article-title":"Whole body inverse dynamics over a complete gait cycle based only on measured kinematics","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.030","article-title":"Prediction of ground reaction forces and moments during various activities of daily living","volume":"47","author":"Fluit","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.036","article-title":"Prediction of ground reaction forces during gait based on kinematics and a neural network model","volume":"46","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3120346","article-title":"Estimating Ground Reaction Force and Center of Pressure Using Low-Cost Wearable Devices","volume":"69","author":"Oubre","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podobnik, J., Kralji\u0107, D., Zadravec, M., and Munih, M. (2020). Centre of pressure estimation during walking using only inertial-measurement units and end-to-end statistical modelling. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216136"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19424-2","article-title":"A wearable motion capture device able to detect dynamic motion of human limbs","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, T.T.H., Zhang, H., Lynch, T.S., and Zanotto, D. (2019, January 24\u201328). Improving the accuracy of wearable sensors for human locomotion tracking using phase-locked regression models. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2019.8779428"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2018.12.021","article-title":"Musculoskeletal model-based inverse dynamic analysis under ambulatory conditions using inertial motion capture","volume":"65","author":"Karatsidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Na, Y., Gu, G., and Kim, J. (2016, January 26\u201329). Flexible insole ground reaction force measurement shoes for jumping and running. Proceedings of the 2016 6th IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2016.7523772"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stetter, B.J., Ringhof, S., Krafft, F.C., Sell, S., and Stein, T. (2019). Estimation of knee joint forces in sport movements using wearable sensors and machine learning. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173690"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2022.2101889","article-title":"A subject-specific musculoskeletal model to predict the tibiofemoral contact forces during daily living activities","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:29:20Z","timestamp":1760124560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]}}}