{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:01:45Z","timestamp":1773774105422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18HLT06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18HLT06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"HTSM-NWO-TTW-project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18HLT06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18HLT06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"HTSM-NWO-TTW-project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"HTSM-NWO-TTW-project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Elekta","award":["18HLT06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18HLT06"]}]},{"name":"Elekta","award":["16238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16238"]}]},{"name":"Elekta","award":["106932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106932"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While hyperthermia has been shown to induce a variety of cytotoxic and sensitizing effects on cancer tissues, the thermal dose\u2013effect relationship is still not well quantified, and it is still unclear how it can be optimally combined with other treatment modalities. Additionally, it is speculated that different methods of applying hyperthermia, such as water bath heating or electromagnetic energy, may have an effect on the resulting biological mechanisms involved in cell death or in sensitizing tumor cells to other oncological treatments. In order to further quantify and characterize hyperthermia treatments on a cellular level, in vitro experiments shifted towards the use of 3D cell spheroids. These are in fact considered a more representative model of the cell environment when compared to 2D cell cultures. In order to perform radiofrequency (RF)-induced heating in vitro, we have recently developed a dedicated electromagnetic field applicator. In this study, using this applicator, we designed and validated an experimental setup which can heat 3D cell spheroids in a conical polypropylene vial, thus providing a reliable instrument for investigating hyperthermia effects at the cellular scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:29:22Z","timestamp":1683512962000},"page":"4514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and Validation of Experimental Setup for Cell Spheroid Radiofrequency-Induced Heating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Androulakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogier","family":"van Oossanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, TU Delft, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Manzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia G.","family":"Denkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, TU Delft, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Djanashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, TU Delft, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Nadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, TU Delft, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard C.","family":"van Rhoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, TU Delft, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Essential facts on the history of hyperthermia and their connections with electromedicine","volume":"87","author":"Gas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prz. 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