{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:24:32Z","timestamp":1773872672340,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludong University Talent Project","award":["20220024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220024"]}]},{"name":"Ludong University Talent Project","award":["2021YFB1715700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1715700"]}]},{"name":"Ludong University Talent Project","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"name":"Ludong University Talent Project","award":["2020160020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020160020013"]}]},{"name":"Ludong University Talent Project","award":["KM202111417003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111417003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20220024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220024"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB1715700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1715700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020160020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020160020013"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["KM202111417003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111417003"]}]},{"name":"Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["20220024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220024"]}]},{"name":"Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2021YFB1715700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1715700"]}]},{"name":"Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"name":"Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020160020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020160020013"]}]},{"name":"Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["KM202111417003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111417003"]}]},{"name":"CAS STS Dongguan Project","award":["20220024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220024"]}]},{"name":"CAS STS Dongguan Project","award":["2021YFB1715700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1715700"]}]},{"name":"CAS STS Dongguan Project","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"name":"CAS STS Dongguan Project","award":["2020160020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020160020013"]}]},{"name":"CAS STS Dongguan Project","award":["KM202111417003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111417003"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["20220024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220024"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2021YFB1715700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1715700"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2020160020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020160020013"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KM202111417003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111417003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Public transportation is a crucial component of urban transportation systems, and improving passenger sharing rates can help alleviate traffic congestion. To enhance the punctuality and supply\u2013demand balance of dedicated buses, we propose a hierarchical multi-objective optimization model to optimize bus guidance speeds and bus operation schedules. Firstly, we present an intelligent decision-making method for bus driving speed based on the mathematical description of bus operation states and the application of the Lagrange multiplier method, which improves the overall punctuality rate of the bus line. Secondly, we propose an optimization method for bus operation schedules that respond to passenger needs by optimizing departure time intervals and station schedules for supply\u2013demand balance. The experiments were conducted in Future Science City, Beijing, China. The results show that the bus line\u2019s punctuality rate has increased to 90.53%, while the retention rate for platform passengers and the intersection stop rate have decreased by 36.22% and 60.93%, respectively. These findings verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed hierarchical multi-objective optimization model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T03:00:28Z","timestamp":1683514828000},"page":"4552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hierarchical Multi-Objective Optimization for Dedicated Bus Punctuality and Supply\u2013Demand Balance Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlin","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2886-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yancai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Road Traffic Intelligent Control Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.10.018","article-title":"Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges","volume":"132","author":"Ibraeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21861","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3191752","article-title":"Hierarchical Mixed Deep Reinforcement Learning to Balance Vehicle Supply and Demand","volume":"23","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103659","article-title":"An adaptive graph learning algorithm for traffic prediction based on spatiotemporal neural networks","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2934991","article-title":"Parallel Transportation Systems: Toward IoT-Enabled Smart Urban Traffic Control and Management","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.03.009","article-title":"A linear bus rapid transit with transit signal priority formulation","volume":"114","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"54","article-title":"A Transit Signal Priority Optimizing Model Based on Reliability","volume":"17","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2844199","article-title":"Coordinated Transit Signal Priority Model Considering Stochastic Bus Arrival Time","volume":"20","author":"Truong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3935795","article-title":"Bus Priority Signal Control Considering Delays of Passengers and Pedestrians of Adjacent Intersections","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.009","article-title":"Adaptive control algorithm to provide bus priority with a pre-signal","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000175","article-title":"Shockwave-based queue length estimation method for pre-signals for bus priority","volume":"144","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327876","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2327876","article-title":"Novel Design Method for Bus Approach Lanes with Bus Guidance and Priority Controls for Prioritizing Through and Left-Turn Buses","volume":"2019","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.02.079","article-title":"A Simulation-Optimization Method for Signal Synchronization with Bus Priority and Driver Speed Advisory to Connected Vehicles","volume":"45","author":"Chiara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000358","article-title":"Reduce Bus Bunching with a Real-Time Speed Control Algorithm Considering Heterogeneous Roadway Conditions and Intersection Delays","volume":"146","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.11.017","article-title":"Effect of periodic inflow on speed-controlled shuttle bus","volume":"469","author":"Takashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"61","article-title":"Bus Speed Control Strategy and Algorithm Based on Real-time Information","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96404","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930279","article-title":"A Data-Driven Analysis for Operational Vehicle Performance of Public Transport Network","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.23919\/TST.2017.7914200","article-title":"Optimal combinations and variable departure intervals for micro bus system","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.05.016","article-title":"Robust timetable optimization for bus lines subject to resource and regulatory constraints","volume":"128","author":"Gkiotsalitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.08.006","article-title":"Incorporating equity into the school bus scheduling problem","volume":"131","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000306","article-title":"Integrated Approach to Vehicle Scheduling and Bus Timetabling for an Electric Bus Line","volume":"146","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003405","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Public Bus Transportation by Using DEA Models and Shannon Entropy: An Example from a Company in a Large City of China","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"77","article-title":"Optimization Model for Public Transport Timetable with the Time Weight of Transfer Station","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000360","article-title":"Integrating Bus Priority and Pre-signal Method at Signalized Intersection: Algorithm Development and Evaluation","volume":"146","author":"Bie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Transit Signal Priority Implementation for Bus Transit along a Major Arterial Using Micro-simulation","volume":"130","author":"Khaled","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.01.057","article-title":"Bus timetabling considering passenger satisfaction: An empirical study in Beijing","volume":"135","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.03.108","article-title":"Single bus line timetable optimization with big data: A case study in Beijing","volume":"536","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12125","article-title":"Bus Dwell Time Modeling Using Gene Expression Programming","volume":"30","author":"Rashidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"302","article-title":"Method for analysis and prediction of dwell times at stops in local bus transportation","volume":"32","author":"Csaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2017.7510739","article-title":"Residential Energy Scheduling for Variable Weather Solar Energy Based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000365","article-title":"Using Microsimulation to Estimate Effects of Boarding Conditions on Bus Dwell Time and Schedule Adherence for Passengers with Mobility Limitations","volume":"146","author":"Mahdavilayen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-018-1276-2","article-title":"Tight relaxations for polynomial optimization and Lagrange multiplier expressions","volume":"178","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003054","article-title":"A New Design Approach for Nearly Linear Phase Stable IIR Filter using Fractional Derivative","volume":"7","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.112837","article-title":"Acceleration of uncertainty propagation through Lagrange multipliers in partitioned stochastic method","volume":"362","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.010","article-title":"Stochastic bus schedule coordination considering demand assignment and rerouting of passengers","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003030","article-title":"Effect of a Traffic Speed Based Cruise Control on an Electric Vehicle Performance and an Energy Consumption Model of an Electric Vehicle","volume":"7","author":"Madhusudhanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"105","article-title":"Dynamic Prediction Model of Bus Dwell Time under Different Station Conditions","volume":"38","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Jiaotong Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:56Z","timestamp":1760124656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/9\/4552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23094552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23094552","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]}}}