{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:27:33Z","timestamp":1770139653249,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.","award":["09HT512031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09HT512031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a novel torque measurement and control technique for cycling-assisted electric bikes (E-bikes) considering various external load conditions. For assisted E-bikes, the electromagnetic torque from the permanent magnet (PM) motor can be controlled to reduce the pedaling torque generated by the human rider. However, the overall cycling torque is affected by external loads, including the cyclist\u2019s weight, wind resistance, rolling resistance, and the road slope. With knowledge of these external loads, the motor torque can be adaptively controlled for these riding conditions. In this paper, key E-bike riding parameters are analyzed to find a suitable assisted motor torque. Four different motor torque control methods are proposed to improve the E-bike\u2019s dynamic response with minimal variation in acceleration. It is concluded that the wheel acceleration is important to determine the E-bike\u2019s synergetic torque performance. A comprehensive E-bike simulation environment is developed with MATLAB\/Simulink to evaluate these adaptive torque control methods. In this paper, an integrated E-bike sensor hardware system is built to verify the proposed adaptive torque control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1683781502000},"page":"4657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Torque Measurement and Control for Electric-Assisted Bike Considering Different External Load Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ping-Jui","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Pei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Der","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Huan","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Jiang, J., and Sun, Y. 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