{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T20:43:45Z","timestamp":1769201025884,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National College Student Innovation Training Program","award":["202210293014Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202210293014Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a Janus metastructure sensor (JMS) based on the photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE), which can detect multiple physical quantities, is proposed. The Janus property is derived from the fact that the asymmetric arrangement of different dielectrics breaks the structure parity. Hence, the metastructure is endowed with different detection performances for physical quantities on multiple scales, broadening the range and improving the accuracy of the detection. When electromagnetic waves (EWs) are incident from the forward scale of the JMS, the refractive index, thickness, and incidence angle can be detected by locking the angle corresponding to the PSHE displacement peak that is enhanced by the graphene. The relevant detection ranges are 2~2.4, 2~2.35 \u03bcm, and 27\u00b0~47\u00b0, with sensitivities (S) of 81.35\u00b0\/RIU, 64.84\u00b0\/\u03bcm, and 0.02238 THz\/\u00b0, respectively. Under the condition that EWs incident into the JMS from the backward direction, the JMS can also detect the same physical quantities with different sensing properties, such as S of 99.3\u00b0\/RIU, 70.07\u00b0\/\u03bcm, and 0.02348 THz\/\u00b0 in corresponding detection ranges of 2~2.09, 1.85~2.02 \u03bcm, and 20\u00b0~40\u00b0. This novel multifunctional JMS is a supplement to the traditional single-function sensor and has a certain prospect in the field of multiscenario applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:33:01Z","timestamp":1684139581000},"page":"4747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multiple Physical Quantities Janus Metastructure Sensor Based on PSHE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Junyang","family":"Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Aowei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Chuanqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Tinghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27403-4","article-title":"Janus Acoustic Metascreen with Nonreciprocal and Reconfigurable Phase Modulations","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Mechanical properties of polymer interfaces","volume":"1992","year":"1992","journal-title":"Butterworth-Heinemann Phys. Polym. Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Janus beads-realization and 1st observation of interfacial properties","volume":"306","author":"Casagrande","year":"1998","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1039\/b718131k","article-title":"Janus Particles","volume":"4","author":"Walther","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.1021\/ja102489q","article-title":"Nanocomposites with Spatially Separated Functionalities for Combined Imaging and Magnetolytic Therapy","volume":"132","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901604","article-title":"Bioinspired Nanocorals with Decoupled Cellular Targeting and Sensing Functionality","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200800498","article-title":"Bifunctional Fe3O4\u2013Ag Heterodimer Nanoparticles for Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging and Magnetic Manipulation","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5b00390","article-title":"Plasmonic Enhancement of Infrared Vibrational Signals: Nanoslits versus Nanorods","volume":"2","author":"Huck","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401484","article-title":"Broadband Metasurfaces with Simultaneous Control of Phase and Amplitude","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6630","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502716","article-title":"A Tunable Dispersion-Free Terahertz Metadevice with Pancharatnam\u2013Berry-Phase-Enabled Modulation and Polarization Control","volume":"27","author":"Cong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4941696","article-title":"Artificial Perfect Electric Conductor-Perfect Magnetic Conductor Anisotropic Metasurface for Generating Orbital Angular Momentum of Microwave with Nearly Perfect Conversion Efficiency","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201400207","article-title":"Nonreciprocal Transmission in a Nonlinear Photonic-Crystal Fano Structure with Broken Symmetry","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.474650","article-title":"Bifacial-Metasurface-Enabled Pancake Metalens with Polarized Space Folding","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206176","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206176","article-title":"Dual-Mode Integrated Janus Films with Highly Efficient NaH2PO2-Enhanced Infrared Radiative Cooling and Solar Heating for Year-Round Thermal Management","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.136601","article-title":"Optical Spin Hall Effect","volume":"95","author":"Kavokin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251602","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4772502","article-title":"Identifying Graphene Layers via Spin Hall Effect of Light","volume":"101","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152697","article-title":"Observation of the spin Hall effect of light via weak measurements","volume":"319","author":"Hosten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126744","article-title":"Spin Hall Effect of Transmitted Light for Graphene\u2013Silica Aerogel Photonic Crystal in Terahertz Region","volume":"485","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-020-01131-9","article-title":"Analysis of dual-channel simultaneous detection of photonic crystal fiber sensors","volume":"15","author":"Bing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.004","article-title":"Label-Free Optical Biosensors for Food and Biological Sensor Applications","volume":"265","author":"Khansili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2020.3038308","article-title":"Using Antibody Modified Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor to Detect Concentration of Carcinoembryonic Antigen","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.421992","article-title":"Terahertz Subwavelength Edge Detection Based on Dispersion-Induced Plasmons","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12754","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3177523","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing Based on Photonic Spin Hall Effect and Its Application on Cancer Detection","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25869","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.399071","article-title":"Black Phosphorus Terahertz Sensing Based on Photonic Spin Hall Effect","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01569-5","article-title":"Graphene-Based Plasmonic Sensor at THz Frequency with Photonic Spin Hall Effect Assisted by Magneto-Optic Phenomenon","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31925","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.463923","article-title":"Dual-Function Photonic Spin Hall Effect Sensor for High-Precision Refractive Index Sensing and Graphene Layer Detection","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105101","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/abad09","article-title":"Ultra-Wide Unidirectional Infrared Absorber Based on 1D Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystals Concatenated with General Fibonacci Quasi-Periodic Structure in Transverse Magnetization","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"65","article-title":"Electr. Engineers\u2014Part III: Radio and Communic","volume":"94","author":"Lewin","year":"1947","journal-title":"Engineer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031910","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4813914","article-title":"Isotropic Mie Resonance-Based Metamaterial Perfect Absorber","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.52.000420","article-title":"Refractive Indices of Infrared Optical Materials and Color Correction of Infrared Lenses","volume":"52","author":"Herzberger","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9144","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.009144","article-title":"Graphene Metamaterials Based Tunable Terahertz Absorber: Effective Surface Conductivity Approach","volume":"21","author":"Andryieuski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3360296","article-title":"Properties of Obliquely Incident Electromagnetic Wave in One-Dimensional Magnetized Plasma Photonic Crystals","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(80)91098-4","article-title":"Absence of Proximity Effect between S-Wave and p-Wave Superconductors","volume":"34","author":"Fenton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093520","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4986994","article-title":"Enhancement and Tuning of Spin Hall Effect of Light in Plasma Metamaterial Waveguide","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.07.011","article-title":"A Broad Dual-Band Switchable Graphene-Based Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber","volume":"153","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158877","article-title":"Graphene: Status and Prospects","volume":"324","author":"Geim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19984","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3100403","article-title":"Multiscale and Multiple Physical Quantities Sensor Based on Nonreciprocal Evanescent Wave in the One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals","volume":"21","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.168488","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor with Cascaded Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Vernier Effect","volume":"256","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13612-9","article-title":"Enhanced Terahertz Fingerprint Detection with Ultrahigh Sensitivity Using the Cavity Defect Modes","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.04.030","article-title":"A Reflective Intensity Modulated Fiber Tilt Angle Sensor Based on an All-Photonic Crystal Fiber Interferometer","volume":"244","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3013289","article-title":"A Theoretical Proposal for a Refractive Index and Angle Sensor Based on One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:49Z","timestamp":1760124889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]}}}