{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:56Z","timestamp":1760148596515,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation Program of China","award":["22090054","92059204","20kfkt03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22090054","92059204","20kfkt03"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Robot Technology Used for Special Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["22090054","92059204","20kfkt03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22090054","92059204","20kfkt03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the growing incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in recent decades, the demand for out-of-hospital real-time ECG monitoring is increasing day by day, which promotes the research and development of portable ECG monitoring equipment. At present, two main categories of ECG monitoring devices are \u201climb lead ECG recording devices\u201d and \u201cchest lead ECG recording devices\u201d, which both require at least two electrodes. The former needs to complete the detection by means of a two-hand lap joint. This will seriously affect the normal activities of users. The electrodes used by the latter also need to be kept at a certain distance, usually more than 10 cm, to ensure the accuracy of the detection results. Decreasing the electrode spacing of the existing ECG detection equipment or reducing the area required for detection will be more conducive to improving the integration of the out-of-hospital portable ECG technologies. Therefore, a single-position ECG system based on charge induction is proposed to realize ECG detection on the surface of the human body with only one electrode with a diameter of less than 2 cm. Firstly, the ECG waveform detected in a single location is simulated by analyzing the electrophysiological activities of the human heart on the human body surface with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software. Then, the hardware circuit design of the system and the host computer are developed and the test is performed. Finally, experiments for static and dynamic ECG monitoring are carried out and the heart rate correlation coefficients are 0.9698 and 0.9802, respectively, which proves the reliability and data accuracy of the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"4771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single Position ECG Detection System Based on Charge Induction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0933-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-06-2017-0110","article-title":"Wearable sensors for ECG measurement: A review","volume":"38","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2009.2032660","article-title":"A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis","volume":"40","author":"Pantelopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. C"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.14.s9.19.x","article-title":"Use of the implantable loop recorder in evaluation of patients with unexplained syncope","volume":"14","author":"Krahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.11.018","article-title":"Prospective blinded Evaluation of the smartphone-based AliveCor Kardia ECG monitor for Atrial Fibrillation detection: The PEAK-AF study","volume":"73","author":"Wegner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup262","article-title":"Prospective, multicentre validation of a simple, patient-operated electrocardiographic system for the detection of arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes","volume":"11","author":"Kaleschke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"29","article-title":"Reproducibility and diagnostic value of E100 event recorder for patients with complains on heart arrhythmias and no changes on multiple routine ECGs and 24-hour holter monitoring","volume":"203","author":"Rekhviashvili","year":"2012","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1304-4","article-title":"Arrhythmia detection in pediatric patients: ECG quality and diagnostic yield of a patient-triggered Einthoven Lead-I event recorder (Zenicor EKG-2\u2122)","volume":"37","author":"Usadel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw007","article-title":"The impact of atrial fibrillation type on the risk of thromboembolism, mortality, and bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ganesan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randazzo, V., Ferretti, J., and Pasero, E. (2019, January 26\u201328). ECG WATCH: A real time wireless wearable ECG. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2019.8802210"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"462","article-title":"2017 expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Aksu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6122530","article-title":"A wireless wearable ECG sensor for long-term applications","volume":"50","author":"Nemati","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0644-9","article-title":"An IoT-cloud based wearable ECG monitoring system for smart healthcare","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wunderlich, R., and Heinen, S. (November, January 31). Design and evaluation of a novel wireless reconstructed 3-lead ECG monitoring system. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2013.6679714"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2019.1610370","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmia detection outcomes among patients monitored with the Zio patch system: A systematic literature review","volume":"35","author":"Yenikomshian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.12.011","article-title":"Validation of a novel single lead ambulatory ECG monitor\u2013Cardiostat\u2122\u2013Compared to a standard ECG Holter monitoring","volume":"53","author":"Nault","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wu, T., Redout\u00e9, J.M., and Yuce, M. (2019). Advances in Body Area Networks I: Post-Conference Proceedings of BodyNets, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14383","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v2i1.14383","article-title":"A brief review: History to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography","volume":"2","author":"AlGhatrif","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134208","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/134208","article-title":"A simplified 3D model of whole heart electrical activity and 12-lead ECG generation","volume":"2013","author":"Sovilj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(61)86902-6","article-title":"Impulses and physiological states in theoretical models of nerve membrane","volume":"1","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-017-1781-0","article-title":"A novel high input impedance front-end for capacitive biopotential measurement","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2917938","article-title":"A Novel Front-End Design for Bioelectrical Signal Wearable Acquisition","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2612222","article-title":"Design of a real-time ECG filter for portable mobile medical systems","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0279-2","article-title":"A study on the optimal positions of ECG electrodes in a garment for the design of ECG-monitoring clothing for male","volume":"39","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:35:30Z","timestamp":1760124930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]}}}