{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:13Z","timestamp":1760148553648,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Projects in Water Resource of Guangdong Province, China","award":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901352","41071230","2017B020216001","2020A1515010780","2016-08","202102020454"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The variation of sea surface temperature (SST) can change the backscatter coefficient measured by a scatterometer, resulting in a decrease in the accuracy of the sea surface wind measurement. This study proposed a new approach to correct the effect of SST on the backscatter coefficient. The method focuses on the Ku-band scatterometer HY-2A SCAT, which is more sensitive to SST than C-band scatterometers, can improve the wind measurement accuracy of the scatterometer without relying on reconstructed geophysical model function (GMF), and is more suitable for operational scatterometers. Through comparisons to WindSat wind data, we found that the Ku-band scatterometer HY-2A SCAT wind speeds are systemically lower under low SST and higher under high SST conditions. We trained a neural network model called the temperature neural network (TNNW) using HY-2A data and WindSat data. TNNW-corrected backscatter coefficients retrieved wind speed with a small systematic deviation from WindSat wind speed. In addition, we also carried out a validation of HY-2A wind and TNNW wind using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data as a reference, and the results showed that the retrieved TNNW-corrected backscatter coefficient wind speed is more consistent with ECMWF wind speed, indicating that the method is effective in correcting SST impact on HY-2A scatterometer measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1684393438000},"page":"4825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improved the Impact of SST for HY-2A Scatterometer Measurements by Using Neural Network Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuetong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruru","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Environment Remote Sensing Monitoring, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 528406, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015832919110","article-title":"Progress in Scatterometer Application","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barale, V., and Gade, M. (2019). Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94067-0"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlas, R., Bloom, S.C., Ardizzone, J., Brin, E., and Terry, J. (2003, January 22\u201326). Impact of seawinds scatterometer data on ocean surface analysis and weather prediction. Proceedings of the Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past\u2026 Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2003.178110"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2164410","article-title":"Assimilation of Oceansat-2-Scatterometer-Derived Surface Winds in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201120","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3066106","article-title":"Empirical Relationship between the Doppler Centroid Derived From X-Band Spaceborne InSAR Data and Wind Vectors","volume":"60","author":"Elyouncha","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C09004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003166","article-title":"Radar scattering of the ocean surface and sea-roughness properties: A combined analysis from dual-polarizations airborne radar observations and models in C band","volume":"111","author":"Mouche","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11499","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02148","article-title":"A model function for the ocean-normalized radar cross section at 14 GHz derived from NSCAT observations","volume":"104","author":"Wentz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-7174\/4\/3\/008","article-title":"Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces","volume":"4","author":"Voronovich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Waves Random Media"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/13616670109409784","article-title":"Theoretical model for scattering of radar signals in Ku-and C-bands from a rough sea surface with breaking waves","volume":"11","author":"Voronovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Waves Random Media"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fois, F., Hoogeboom, P., Chevalier, F., and Stoffelen, A. (2014, January 13\u201318). An investigation on sea surface wave spectra and approximate scattering theories. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6947457"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Portabella, M. (2002). Wind Field Retrieval from Satellite Radar Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Barcelona]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yueh, S.H., Stiles, B.W., and Tsai, W.Y. (2000, January 24\u201328). QuikSCAT geophysical model function and imaging of tropical cyclone winds. Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29195","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900529","article-title":"On satellite scatterometer model functions","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2681806","article-title":"The CMOD7 geophysical model function for ASCAT and ERS wind retrievals","volume":"10","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Portabella, M., Stoffelen, A., Verhoef, A., and Wang, Z. (2018, January 22\u201327). Validation of the NSCAT-5 Geophysical Model Function for Scatsat-1 Wind Scatterometer. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8517739"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Yang, X., Yang, J., and Li, X. (October, January 26). A Numerical Study of SST Effects on Ocean Radar Backscattering. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323906"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2600749","article-title":"SST Dependence of Ku- and C-Band Backscatter Measurements","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02011","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007479","article-title":"Matching ASCAT and QuikSCAT winds","volume":"117","author":"Bentamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1984)014<0392:TEOTVI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Effects of the Variations in Sea Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Stability in the Estimation of Average Wind Speed by SEASAT-SASS","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics","volume":"44","author":"Lindzen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production","volume":"78","author":"Mantua","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012565","article-title":"Tropical Atlantic air-sea interaction and its influence on the NAO","volume":"28","author":"Okumura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-2-195","article-title":"Satellite Observations of Cool Ocean Atmosphere Interaction","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3723:NSOART>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves","volume":"16","author":"Small","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2613.1","article-title":"The Effects of SST-Induced Surface Wind Speed and Direction Gradients on Midlatitude Surface Vorticity and Divergence","volume":"23","author":"Chelton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.005","article-title":"Inconsistencies in scatterometer wind products based on ASCAT and OSCAT-2 collocations","volume":"225","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841975","article-title":"Radar backscatter across the Gulf Stream sea surface temperature front","volume":"38","author":"Nghiem","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012619","article-title":"An SST-dependent Ku-band geophysical model function for RapidScat","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Tian, D., Chen, K., Wu, Z., and Tan, S. (August, January 28). A SST-Dependent Geophysical Model Function for HY-2A Microwave Scatterometer. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8897812"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L12602","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052091","article-title":"Does direct impact of SST on short wind waves matter for scatterometry?","volume":"39","author":"Grodsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3013980","article-title":"Effects of temperature on sea surface radar backscattering under neutral and nonneutral atmospheric conditions for wind retrieval applications: A numerical study","volume":"59","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-7435-2021","article-title":"Support vector machine tropical wind speed retrieval in the presence of rain for Ku-band wind scatterometry","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2049362","article-title":"A neural network technique for improving the accuracy of scatterometer winds in rainy conditions","volume":"48","author":"Stiles","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Wang, J., and Lin, M. (2020). A Neural Network-Based Rain Effect Correction Method for HY-2A Scatterometer Backscatter Measurements. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101648"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836867","article-title":"The WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer: Sensor description and early orbit performance","volume":"42","author":"Gaiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-18-0116.1","article-title":"Validation of High Ocean Surface Winds from Satellites Using Oil Platform Anemometers","volume":"36","author":"Manaster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., and Rozum, I. (2023, April 28). ERA5 Hourly Data on Single Levels from 1940 to Present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) 2023. Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-779-2019","article-title":"The ECMWF operational ensemble reanalysis-analysis system for ocean and sea ice: A description of the system and assessment","volume":"15","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fois, F. (2015). Enhanced Ocean Scatterometry. [Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1997)014<1298:SDIMSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scatterometer Data Interpretation: Measurement Space and Inversion","volume":"14","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2004.02054.x","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of the scatterometer wind retrieval inverse problem: Some new approaches","volume":"66","author":"Cornford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.862502","article-title":"On Bayesian scatterometer wind inversion","volume":"44","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1029\/JC095iC04p05291","article-title":"A circular median filter approach for resolving directional ambiguities in wind fields retrieved from spaceborne scatterometer data","volume":"95","author":"Schultz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904337","article-title":"Radar imaging of thermal fronts","volume":"14","author":"Askari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-006-0206-7","article-title":"The effect of variation in sea-surface temperature and its meridional gradient on the equatorial and off-equatorial ITCZ in an Aquaplanet General Circulation model","volume":"95","author":"Vidyunmala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2716(92)90039-C","article-title":"On the wind power law and atmospheric stability effects in ocean scatterometry","volume":"47","author":"Geernaert","year":"1992","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4825\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:42Z","timestamp":1760125002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]}}}