{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:50Z","timestamp":1760148650801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerve tension is known to be related to the pathophysiology of neuropathy; however, assessing this tension is difficult in a clinical setting. In this study, we aimed to develop a deep learning algorithm for the automatic assessment of tibial nerve tension using B-mode ultrasound imaging. To develop the algorithm, we used 204 ultrasound images of the tibial nerve in three positions: the maximum dorsiflexion position and \u221210\u00b0 and \u221220\u00b0 plantar flexion from maximum dorsiflexion. The images were taken of 68 healthy volunteers who did not have any abnormalities in the lower limbs at the time of testing. The tibial nerve was manually segmented in all images, and 163 cases were automatically extracted as the training dataset using U-Net. Additionally, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classification was performed to determine each ankle position. The automatic classification was validated using five-fold cross-validation from the testing data composed of 41 data points. The highest mean accuracy (0.92) was achieved using manual segmentation. The mean accuracy of the full auto-classification of the tibial nerve at each ankle position was more than 0.77 using five-fold cross-validation. Thus, the tension of the tibial nerve can be accurately assessed with different dorsiflexion angles using an ultrasound imaging analysis with U-Net and a CNN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1684395350000},"page":"4855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automatic Identification of Ultrasound Images of the Tibial Nerve in Different Ankle Positions Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kengo","family":"Kawanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kano General Hospital, Osaka 531-0041, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Kakimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Anegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tsutsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5643-7645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintarou","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan"},{"name":"AR-Ex Medical Research Center, Tokyo 158-0082, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24250","article-title":"\u2018Posterior Tibial Nerve\u2019 or \u201cTibial Nerve\u201d? 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