{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1760148579043,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The observation satellite can exploit its own storage and computational resources to reduce the transmission delay. However, too excessive usage of these resources can have negative effects on the queuing delay at the relay satellite and\/or on conducting other tasks at each observation satellite. In this paper, we proposed a new resource- and neighbor-aware observation transmission scheme (RNA-OTS). In RNA-OTS, each observation satellite decides whether to use its resources and the resources of the relay satellite at each time epoch by considering its resource utilization and transmission policies of neighbor observation satellites. For the optimal decision of each observation satellite in a distributed manner, the operation of observation satellites is modeled by means of a constrained stochastic game, and a best-response-dynamics-based algorithm is devised to find the Nash equilibrium. The evaluation results demonstrate that RNA-OTS can decrease the delay to deliver the observation to the destination by up to 87% compared to a relay-satellite-based scheme while guaranteeing a sufficiently low average utilization of the resources of the observation satellite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T10:08:55Z","timestamp":1684490935000},"page":"4889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Resource- and Neighbor-Aware Observation Transmission Scheme in Satellite Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haneul","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeunwoong","family":"Kyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information & Communication Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"679","article-title":"A Data-Driven Parallel Scheduling Approach for Multiple Agile Earth Observation Satellites","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE TEVC"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110605","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925704","article-title":"Scheduling Multiple Agile Earth Observation Satellites for Oversubscribed Targets Using Complex Networks Theory","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601156","article-title":"Software Defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated Vehicular Networks: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Sheng, M., Zhuang, W., Zhang, S., Zhang, N., and Li, J. (2017, January 4\u20138). Joint Scheduling of Observation and Transmission in Earth Observation Satellite Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM 2017, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8255090"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3893","article-title":"Distributed Learning for Stochastic Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE TSP"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"6596","article-title":"Utility Optimization for Multi-User Task Offloading in Mobile Ad Hoc Cloud: A Stochastic Game Approach","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE TVT"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(96)00093-3","article-title":"Automating Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) Scheduling","volume":"24","author":"Gooley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2009.02.018","article-title":"On Maximizing the Profit of a Satellite Launcher: Selecting and Scheduling Tasks with Time Windows and Setups","volume":"157","author":"Baptiste","year":"2009","journal-title":"Discret. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.01.016","article-title":"A Lagrangian Heuristic for Satellite Range Scheduling with Resource Constraints","volume":"38","author":"Marinelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2014.11.004","article-title":"Optimization-Based Scheduling for the Single-Satellite, Multi-Ground Station Communication Problem","volume":"57","author":"Spangelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"611","article-title":"Optimization-Based Scheduling Method for Agile Earth-Observing Satellite Constellation","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3088898","article-title":"Secrecy-Energy Efficient Hybrid Beamforming for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks","volume":"69","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE TCOMM"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Collaborative Data Downloading by Using Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Satellite Networks","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE TWC"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2900316","article-title":"Collaborative Data Scheduling With Joint Forward and Backward Induction in Small Satellite Networks","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE TCOMM"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Two-Phase Task Scheduling in Data Relay Satellite Systems","volume":"67","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE TVT"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103031","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928992","article-title":"Research on Task Priority Model and Algorithm for Satellite Scheduling Problem","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"844","article-title":"Task Scheduling Method for Data Relay Satellite Network Considering Breakpoint Transmission","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE TVT"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2085","article-title":"SLNR-Based Secure Energy Efficient Beamforming in Multibeam Satellite Systems","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE TAES"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orl.2007.05.010","article-title":"Constrained Cost-Coupled Stochastic Games with Independent State Processes","volume":"36","author":"Altman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3462","article-title":"An Optimized and Distributed Data Packet Forwarding in LTE\/LTE-A Networks","volume":"65","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE TVT"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Liu, S., Jiao, J., Ni, Z., Wu, S., and Zhang, Q. (April, January 29). Age-Optimal NC-HARQ Protocol for Multi-hop Satellite-based Internet of Things. Proceedings of the IEEE WCNC, Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2949","article-title":"Distributed Device-to-Device Offloading System: Design and Performance Optimization","volume":"10","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE TMC"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"5745","article-title":"Neighbor-Aware Energy-Efficient Monitoring System for Energy Harvesting Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE IoT-J"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niyato, D., Lu, X., Wang, P., Kim, D., and Han, Z. (2016, January 23\u201327). Distributed Wireless Energy Scheduling for Wireless Powered Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7510699"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niyato, D., Wang, P., Kim, D., Han, Z., and Xiao, L. (2015, January 8\u201312). Game theoretic modeling of jamming attack in wireless powered communication networks. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249281"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderbei, R.J. (2020). Linear Programming: Foundations and Extensions, Springer. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39415-8"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:38:18Z","timestamp":1760125098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/10\/4889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s23104889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23104889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}}