{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:54:35Z","timestamp":1783619675046,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2023R239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The safeguarding of online services and prevention of unauthorized access by hackers rely heavily on user authentication, which is considered a crucial aspect of security. Currently, multi-factor authentication is used by enterprises to enhance security by integrating multiple verification methods rather than relying on a single method of authentication, which is considered less secure. Keystroke dynamics is a behavioral characteristic used to evaluate an individual\u2019s typing patterns to verify their legitimacy. This technique is preferred because the acquisition of such data is a simple process that does not require any additional user effort or equipment during the authentication process. This study proposes an optimized convolutional neural network that is designed to extract improved features by utilizing data synthesization and quantile transformation to maximize results. Additionally, an ensemble learning technique is used as the main algorithm for the training and testing phases. A publicly available benchmark dataset from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) was utilized to evaluate the proposed method, achieving an average accuracy of 99.95%, an average equal error rate (EER) of 0.65%, and an average area under the curve (AUC) of 99.99%, surpassing recent advancements made on the CMU dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T10:08:55Z","timestamp":1684490935000},"page":"4898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Efficient Convolutional Neural Network-Based Keystroke Dynamics for Boosting User Authentication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hussien","family":"AbdelRaouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9711-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia Allaoua","family":"Chelloug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0213-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Muthanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Probability and Informatics, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura","family":"Semary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, January 10). 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