{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:55Z","timestamp":1760148595754,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we introduce a novel design for a three-dimensional (3D) controller, which incorporates the omni-purpose stretchable strain sensor (OPSS sensor). This sensor exhibits both remarkable sensitivity, with a gauge factor of approximately 30, and an extensive working range, accommodating strain up to 150%, thereby enabling accurate 3D motion sensing. The 3D controller is structured such that its triaxial motion can be discerned independently along the X, Y, and Z axes by quantifying the deformation of the controller through multiple OPSS sensors affixed to its surface. To ensure precise and real-time 3D motion sensing, a machine learning-based data analysis technique was implemented for the effective interpretation of the multiple sensor signals. The outcomes reveal that the resistance-based sensors successfully and accurately track the 3D controller\u2019s motion. We believe that this innovative design holds the potential to augment the performance of 3D motion sensing devices across a diverse range of applications, encompassing gaming, virtual reality, and robotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1684722522000},"page":"4941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of 3D Controller Using Nanocracking Structure-Based Stretchable Strain Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongjin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, 710 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong Kyung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Kyun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geunbae","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5417-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungkook","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SEOULTECH), 232 Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703852","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703852","article-title":"Wearable, Healable, and Adhesive Epidermal Sensors Assembled from Mussel-Inspired Conductive Hybrid Hydrogel Framework","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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