{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T07:59:27Z","timestamp":1774511967276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD101326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD101326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF 2052514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 2052514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Center to Stream Health in Place, C2SHIP","award":["R01HD101326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD101326"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Center to Stream Health in Place, C2SHIP","award":["NSF 2052514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 2052514"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aggression in children is highly prevalent and can have devastating consequences, yet there is currently no objective method to track its frequency in daily life. This study aims to investigate the use of wearable-sensor-derived physical activity data and machine learning to objectively identify physical-aggressive incidents in children. Participants (n = 39) aged 7 to 16 years, with and without ADHD, wore a waist-worn activity monitor (ActiGraph, GT3X+) for up to one week, three times over 12 months, while demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected. Machine learning techniques, specifically random forest, were used to analyze patterns that identify physical-aggressive incident with 1-min time resolution. A total of 119 aggression episodes, lasting 7.3 \u00b1 13.1 min for a total of 872 1-min epochs including 132 physical aggression epochs, were collected. The model achieved high precision (80.2%), accuracy (82.0%), recall (85.0%), F1 score (82.4%), and area under the curve (89.3%) to distinguish physical aggression epochs. The sensor-derived feature of vector magnitude (faster triaxial acceleration) was the second contributing feature in the model, and significantly distinguished aggression and non-aggression epochs. If validated in larger samples, this model could provide a practical and efficient solution for remotely detecting and managing aggressive incidents in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1684722522000},"page":"4949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Aggression Detection in Children with ADHD Using Sensor-Based Physical Activity Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Dehghan","family":"Rouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Md Moin Uddin","family":"Atique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. G.","family":"Finco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Ram Kinker","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Griselda","family":"Barba-Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Crossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Chima","family":"Amushie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Chadi","family":"Calarge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijan","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Michael E. 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