{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:56:46Z","timestamp":1778000206149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["H2020-ICT-2019-2\/ 2019-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-ICT-2019-2\/ 2019-2023"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["871237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the ability of multiscale sample entropy (MSE), refined composite multiscale entropy (RCMSE), and complexity index (CI) to characterize gait complexity through trunk acceleration patterns in subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease (swPD) and healthy subjects, regardless of age or gait speed. The trunk acceleration patterns of 51 swPD and 50 healthy subjects (HS) were acquired using a lumbar-mounted magneto-inertial measurement unit during their walking. MSE, RCMSE, and CI were calculated on 2000 data points, using scale factors (\u03c4) 1\u20136. Differences between swPD and HS were calculated at each \u03c4, and the area under the receiver operating characteristics, optimal cutoff points, post-test probabilities, and diagnostic odds ratios were calculated. MSE, RCMSE, and CIs showed to differentiate swPD from HS. MSE in the anteroposterior direction at \u03c44 and \u03c45, and MSE in the ML direction at \u03c44 showed to characterize the gait disorders of swPD with the best trade-off between positive and negative posttest probabilities and correlated with the motor disability, pelvic kinematics, and stance phase. Using a time series of 2000 data points, a scale factor of 4 or 5 in the MSE procedure can yield the best trade-off in terms of post-test probabilities when compared to other scale factors for detecting gait variability and complexity in swPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T02:02:27Z","timestamp":1684807347000},"page":"4983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Multiscale Entropy Algorithms to Analyze Complexity and Variability of Trunk Accelerations Time Series in Subjects with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5329-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano Filippo","family":"Castiglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4739-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante","family":"Trabassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ranavolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8510-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sebastianelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Abagnale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Bighiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Movement Analysis Research Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Icco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Movement Analysis Research Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Movement Analysis Research Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Serrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"Movement Analysis Laboratory, Policlinico Italia, 00162 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30044-4","article-title":"Gait Impairments in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Mirelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet. 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