{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:48:19Z","timestamp":1767340099352,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143608\/2019","PCIF\/SSO\/0063\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143608\/2019","PCIF\/SSO\/0063\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical fatigue reduces productivity and quality of work while increasing the risk of injuries and accidents among safety-sensitive professionals. To prevent its adverse effects, researchers are developing automated assessment methods that, despite being highly accurate, require a comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms and variables\u2019 contributions to determine their real-life applicability. This work aims to evaluate the performance variations of a previously developed four-level physical fatigue model when alternating its inputs to have a comprehensive view of the impact of each physiological variable on the model\u2019s functioning. Data from heart rate, breathing rate, core temperature and personal characteristics from 24 firefighters during an incremental running protocol were used to develop the physical fatigue model based on an XGBoosted tree classifier. The model was trained 11 times with different input combinations resulting from alternating four groups of features. Performance measures from each case showed that heart rate is the most relevant signal for estimating physical fatigue. Breathing rate and core temperature enhanced the model when combined with heart rate but showed poor performance individually. Overall, this study highlights the advantage of using more than one physiological measure for improving physical fatigue modelling. The findings can contribute to variables and sensor selection in occupational applications and as the foundation for further field research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:18:43Z","timestamp":1685204323000},"page":"5127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the Applicability of Physiological Monitoring to Manage Physical Fatigue in Firefighters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4942-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisse","family":"Bustos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics\u2014LAETA (PROA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9722-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport\u2014CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8871-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo D.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport\u2014CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2367-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics\u2014LAETA (PROA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics\u2014LAETA (PROA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Torres Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics\u2014LAETA (PROA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santos Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics\u2014LAETA (PROA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport\u2014CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-015-0399-y","article-title":"Frontier studies on fatigue, autonomic nerve dysfunction, and sleep-rhythm disorder","volume":"65","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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