{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:59:22Z","timestamp":1773363562738,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["EQC2018-003995-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQC2018-003995-P"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["SNI-27-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNI-27-2022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["GR21139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21139"]}]},{"name":"SNI (Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n-Panam\u00e1)","award":["EQC2018-003995-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQC2018-003995-P"]}]},{"name":"SNI (Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n-Panam\u00e1)","award":["SNI-27-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNI-27-2022"]}]},{"name":"SNI (Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n-Panam\u00e1)","award":["GR21139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21139"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura","award":["EQC2018-003995-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQC2018-003995-P"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura","award":["SNI-27-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNI-27-2022"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura","award":["GR21139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21139"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["EQC2018-003995-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQC2018-003995-P"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SNI-27-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNI-27-2022"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["GR21139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article is about the design, development and validation of a new monitoring architecture for individual cells and stacks to facilitate the study of proton exchange fuel cells. The system consists of four main elements: input signals, signal processing boards, analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) and a master terminal unit (MTU). The latter integrates a high-level graphic user interface (GUI) software developed by National Instruments LABVIEW, while the ADCs are based on three digital acquisition units (DAQs). Graphs showing the temperature, currents and voltages in individual cells as well as stacks are integrated for ease of reference. The system validation was carried out both in static and dynamic modes of operation using a Ballard Nexa 1.2 kW fuel cell fed by a hydrogen cylinder, with a Prodigit 32612 electronic load at the output. The system was able to measure the voltage distributions of individual cells, and temperatures at different equidistant points of the stack both with and without an external load, validating its use as an indispensable tool for the study and characterization of these systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T07:21:51Z","timestamp":1685517711000},"page":"5221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design, Development and Testing of a Monitoring System for the Study of Proton Exchange Fuel Cells and Stacks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9365-1499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena L.","family":"Zambrano H","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victor Levi Sasso Campus, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Centenario Highway, Ancon, Panama 0819-07289, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2094-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, n\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, n\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F\u00e9lix","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, n\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhardt","family":"Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victor Levi Sasso Campus, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Centenario Highway, Ancon, Panama 0819-07289, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama 01001, Panama"},{"name":"Estudios Multidisciplinarios de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas de la Ingenier\u00eda (CEMCIT-AIP), El Dorado, Panama P.O. Box 0819-07289, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rogelio","family":"F\u00e1brega Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victor Levi Sasso Campus, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Centenario Highway, Ancon, Panama 0819-07289, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama 01001, Panama"},{"name":"Estudios Multidisciplinarios de Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas de la Ingenier\u00eda (CEMCIT-AIP), El Dorado, Panama P.O. Box 0819-07289, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (2023, May 01). General Description of Greenhouse Gases Effect|US EPA, Available online: https:\/\/espanol.epa.gov\/energia-and-environment\/general-description-of-greenhouse-gases-efffect."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, May 01). 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