{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:37:26Z","timestamp":1773823046342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have overlapping symptoms, and differentiation is important to administer the proper treatment. The present study aimed to assess the usefulness of heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Frequency-domain HRV indices, including high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components, their sum (LF+HF), and their ratio (LF\/HF), were measured in a three-behavioral-state paradigm composed of initial rest (Rest), task load (Task), and post-task rest (After) periods to examine autonomic regulation. It was found that HF was low at Rest in both disorders, but was lower in MDD than in CFS. LF and LF+HF at Rest were low only in MDD. Attenuated responses of LF, HF, LF+HF, and LF\/HF to task load and an excessive increase in HF at After were found in both disorders. The results indicate that an overall HRV reduction at Rest may support a diagnosis of MDD. HF reduction was found in CFS, but with a lesser severity. Response disturbances of HRV to Task were observed in both disorders, and would suggest the presence of CFS when the baseline HRV has not been reduced. Linear discriminant analysis using HRV indices was able to differentiate MDD from CFS, with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.8% and 100%, respectively. HRV indices in MDD and CFS show both common and different profiles, and can be useful for the differential diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T02:57:47Z","timestamp":1685933867000},"page":"5330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Show Characteristic Heart Rate Variability Profiles Reflecting Autonomic Dysregulations: Differentiation by Linear Discriminant Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Shinba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka 422-8527, Japan"},{"name":"Research Division, Saiseikai Research Institute of Health Care and Welfare, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan"},{"name":"Autonomic Nervous System Consulting, Shizuoka 420-0839, Japan"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kuratsune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatigue Science Laboratory Inc., Osaka 532-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science on Fatigue, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shuntaro","family":"Shinba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomic Nervous System Consulting, Shizuoka 420-0839, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Shinba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomic Nervous System Consulting, Shizuoka 420-0839, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanghao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takemi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hirohiko","family":"Kuratsune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-0051, Japan"},{"name":"FMCC Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"741","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"86","author":"Yancey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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