{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:50:23Z","timestamp":1780501823699,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carl Zeiss Foundation","award":["P2019-03-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2019-03-003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007569","name":"MORPHEUS-Project \u201cNon-invasive system for measuring parameters relevant to sleep quality\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2019-03-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2019-03-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HTWG Hochschule Konstanz University of Applied Sciences","award":["P2019-03-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2019-03-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep is extremely important for physical and mental health. Although polysomnography is an established approach in sleep analysis, it is quite intrusive and expensive. Consequently, developing a non-invasive and non-intrusive home sleep monitoring system with minimal influence on patients, that can reliably and accurately measure cardiorespiratory parameters, is of great interest. The aim of this study is to validate a non-invasive and unobtrusive cardiorespiratory parameter monitoring system based on an accelerometer sensor. This system includes a special holder to install the system under the bed mattress. The additional aim is to determine the optimum relative system position (in relation to the subject) at which the most accurate and precise values of measured parameters could be achieved. The data were collected from 23 subjects (13 males and 10 females). The obtained ballistocardiogram signal was sequentially processed using a sixth-order Butterworth bandpass filter and a moving average filter. As a result, an average error (compared to reference values) of 2.24 beats per minute for heart rate and 1.52 breaths per minute for respiratory rate was achieved, regardless of the subject\u2019s sleep position. For males and females, the errors were 2.28 bpm and 2.19 bpm for heart rate and 1.41 rpm and 1.30 rpm for respiratory rate. We determined that placing the sensor and system at chest level is the preferred configuration for cardiorespiratory measurement. Further studies of the system\u2019s performance in larger groups of subjects are required, despite the promising results of the current tests in healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"5351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Monitoring of Cardiorespiratory Parameters during Sleep Using a Special Holder for the Accelerometer Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Boiko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science, HTWG Konstanz\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 78462 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksym","family":"Gaiduk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science, HTWG Konstanz\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 78462 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-2349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilhelm Daniel","family":"Scherz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science, HTWG Konstanz\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 78462 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2922-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7622-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2526-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Orcioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natividad","family":"Mart\u00ednez Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Seepold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science, HTWG Konstanz\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 78462 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"758","article-title":"The Extraordinary Importance of Sleep: The Detrimental Effects of Inadequate Sleep on Health and Public Safety Drive an Explosion of Sleep Research","volume":"43","author":"Worley","year":"2018","journal-title":"PT Peer-Rev. 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