{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:49:50Z","timestamp":1782326990701,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF)","award":["015PBC-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015PBC-007"]}]},{"name":"Unversiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia under Graduate Assistantship (GA) Scheme Grant","award":["015PBC-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015PBC-007"]}]},{"name":"YUTP-PRG","award":["015PBC-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015PBC-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS\u00ae software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm \u00d7 50 mm \u00d7 0.6 mm (0.12\u03bb0\u00d70.07\u03bb0 \u00d7 0.001\u03bb0 at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design\u2019s accuracy and the antenna\u2019s suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"5359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Sani","family":"Yahya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Socheatra","family":"Soeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7067-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narinderjit Singh Sawaran","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology (FDSIT), INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab","family":"Yunusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Emmanuel","family":"Chinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharul Kamal Abdul","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communication Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nursyarizal B. M.","family":"Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheab","family":"Sovuthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FILPAL (M) Sdn. Bhd., Bayan Lepas, George Town 11900, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam E. Mustafa","family":"Abro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, H., and Kim, J.Y. (2019, January 15\u201318). LoRa-based mesh network for IoT applications. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2019.8767242"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-020-00774-3","article-title":"Comparison between LoRa and NB-IoT coverage in urban and rural Southern Brazil regions","volume":"75","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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