{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:13:14Z","timestamp":1775693594673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2023R585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R585"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a hybrid frequency shift keying and frequency division multiplexing (i.e., FSK\u2013FDM) approach for information embedding in dual-function radar and communication (DFRC) design to achieve an improved communication data rate. Since most of the existing works focus on merely two-bit transmission in each pulse repetition interval (PRI) using different amplitude modulation (AM)- and phased modulation (PM)-based techniques, this paper proposes a new technique that doubles the data rate by using a hybrid FSK\u2013FDM technique. Note that the AM-based techniques are used when the communication receiver resides in the side lobe region of the radar. In contrast, the PM-based techniques perform better if the communication receiver is in the main lobe region. However, the proposed design facilitates the delivery of information bits to the communication receivers with an improved bit rate (BR) and bit error rate (BER) regardless of their locations in the radar\u2019s main lobe or side lobe regions. That is, the proposed scheme enables information encoding according to the transmitted waveforms and frequencies using FSK modulation. Next, the modulated symbols are added together to achieve a double data rate using the FDM technique. Finally, each transmitted composite symbol contains multiple FSK-modulated symbols, resulting in an increased data rate for the communication receiver. Numerous simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"5440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hybrid FSK\u2013FDM Scheme for Data Rate Enhancement in Dual-Function Radar and Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Munir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Basit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Athar","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IT & CS, Faculty of FECID, PAF-IAST, Haripur 22620, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 51178, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amil","family":"Daraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}]},{"given":"Pranavkumar","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Continuing Studies, McGill University, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642849","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9642849","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of Past, Present, and Future of Spectrum Sharing and Information Embedding Techniques in Joint Wireless Communication and Radar Systems","volume":"2022","author":"Munir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. 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