{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:02:21Z","timestamp":1784210541844,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220101022JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101022JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220508136RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220508136RC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province in 2022, \u201cQuantum Information Technology Innovation Team\u201d","award":["20220101022JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101022JC"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province in 2022, \u201cQuantum Information Technology Innovation Team\u201d","award":["20220508136RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220508136RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lightweight, high stability, and high-temperature adaptability are the primary considerations when designing the primary mirror of a micro\/nano satellite remote sensing camera. In this paper, the optimized design and experimental verification of the large-aperture primary mirror of the space camera with a diameter of \u03a6610 mm is carried out. First, the design performance index of the primary mirror was determined according to the coaxial tri-reflective optical imaging system. Then, SiC, with excellent comprehensive performance, was selected as the primary mirror material. The initial structural parameters of the primary mirror were obtained using the traditional empirical design method. Due to the improvement of SiC material casting complex structure reflector technology level, the initial structure of the primary mirror was improved by integrating the flange with the primary mirror body design. The support force acts directly on the flange, changing the transmission path of the traditional back plate support force, and has the advantage that the primary mirror surface shape accuracy can be maintained for a long time when subjected to shock, vibration, and temperature changes. Then, a parametric optimization algorithm based on the mathematical method of compromise programming was used to optimize the design of the initial structural parameters of the improved primary mirror and the flexible hinge, and finite element simulation was conducted on the optimally designed primary mirror assembly. Simulation results show that the root mean square (RMS) surface error is less than \u03bb\/50 (\u03bb = 632.8 nm) under gravity, 4 \u00b0C temperature rise, and 0.01 mm assembly error. The mass of the primary mirror is 8.66 kg. The maximum displacement of the primary mirror assembly is less than 10 \u03bcm, and the maximum inclination angle is less than 5\u2033. The fundamental frequency is 203.74 Hz. Finally, after the primary mirror assembly was precision manufactured and assembled, the surface shape accuracy of the primary mirror was tested by ZYGO interferometer, and the test value was 0.02 \u03bb. The vibration test of the primary mirror assembly was conducted at a fundamental frequency of 208.25 Hz. This simulation and experimental results show that the optimized design of the primary mirror assembly meets the design requirements of the space camera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"5441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Optimization Design of Large-Aperture Primary Mirror for a Space Remote Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Quantum Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaihui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Quantum Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Quantum Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(03)00054-7","article-title":"Nano\/Micro Satellite Constellations for Earth and Space Science","volume":"52","author":"Esper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2015.04.008","article-title":"Using CubeSat\/micro-satellite technology to demonstrate the Autonomous Assembly of a Reconfigurable Space Telescope (AAReST)","volume":"114","author":"Underwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.073","article-title":"Development of a heat storage panel for micro\/nano-satellites and demonstration in orbit","volume":"91","author":"Kouhei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.165929","article-title":"Research on high performance support technology of space-based large aperture mirror","volume":"226","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.05.040","article-title":"Lightweight design of high volume SiC\/Al composite mirror for remote camera","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.004551","article-title":"Topology-optimization-based design method of flexures for mounting the primary mirror of a large-aperture space telescope","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Lu, Q., Tian, H., Wang, D., Chen, C., and Wang, X. (2021). Design and optimization for mounting primary mirror with reduced sensitivity to temperature change in an Aerial Optoelectronic Sensor. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237993"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Y., Jiang, Y., Feng, L., Li, X., Liu, B., and Wang, W. (2018). Lightweight Design of Multi-Objective Topology for a Large-Aperture Space Mirror. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112259"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Li, W., Zhao, W., Zhao, H., Lin, G., and Wang, X. (2021). Topology Optimization Based Parametric Design of Balloon Borne Telescope\u2019s Primary Mirror. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115077"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.419227","article-title":"Hybrid IPSO-IAGA-BPNN algorithm-based rapid multi-objective optimization of a fully parameterized spaceborne primary mirror","volume":"60","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4986042","article-title":"Optimal design of a \u03a6760 mm lightweight SiC mirror and the flexural mount for a space telescope","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091806","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.9.091806","article-title":"Design optimization of a 1m lightweight mirror for a space telescope","volume":"52","author":"Hagyong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8318","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.008318","article-title":"Topology optimization-based lightweight primary mirror design of a large-aperture space telescope","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1117\/12.458636","article-title":"Sofia primary mirror assembly: Structural properties and optical performance","volume":"Volume 4857","author":"Bittner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Airborne Telescope Systems II"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00994-3","article-title":"Challenges and strategies in high-accuracy manufacturing of the world\u2019s largest SiC aspheric mirror","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoder, P. (1993). Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Marced Dekker Inc.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03549710"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Friedman, E. (2003). Photonics Rules of Thumb, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"60","article-title":"Design of All-SiC Lightweight Secondary and Tertiary Mirrors for Use in Spaceborne Telescopes","volume":"6","author":"JongIn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1117\/12.176195","article-title":"2.7-meter-diameter silicon carbide primary mirror for the SOFIA telescope","volume":"2199","author":"Petrovsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.006823","article-title":"Cryogenic optical performance of the ASTRO-F SiC telescope","volume":"44","author":"Kaneda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1117\/12.552081","article-title":"Snap Telescope: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes","volume":"5487","author":"Sholl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"665","article-title":"Topology optimization design of a space mirror","volume":"9795","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1062","article-title":"ULE design considerations for a 3m class light weighted mirror blank for EELT M5","volume":"9912","author":"Andrew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"297","article-title":"Parametric design of flexure supporting for optical space remote sensor primary mirror","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2019.06.008","article-title":"A general multi-objective topology optimization methodology developed for customized design of pelvic prostheses","volume":"69","author":"Taimoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"181","article-title":"Multi-objective BESO topology optimization for stiffness and frequency of continuum structures","volume":"72","author":"Teimouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.002220","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics analysis of a large-aperture rotating prism with adjustable radial support","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.164673","article-title":"Design of frame-type support structure for space-based rectangular convex mirror tested on the back","volume":"212","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:55Z","timestamp":1760125855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s23125441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23125441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}