{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T21:07:05Z","timestamp":1772140025166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund","award":["62201077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thanks to their wide coverage and relatively low latency compared to geosynchronous satellites, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks have been regarded as one of the most promising solutions to provide global broadband backhaul for mobile users and IoT devices. In LEO satellite networks, the frequent feeder link handover invokes unacceptable communication interruptions and affects the backhaul quality. To overcome this challenge, we propose a maximum backhaul capacity handover strategy for feeder links in LEO satellite networks. To improve the backhaul capacity, we design an available backhaul capacity ratio to jointly consider feeder link quality and the inter-satellite network in handover decisions. In addition, we introduce a service time factor and handover control factor to reduce the handover frequency. Then, we propose the handover utility function based on the designed handover factors and propose a greedy-based handover strategy. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy outperforms conventional handover strategies in backhaul capacity with low handover frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"5448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Novel Feeder Link Handover Strategy for Backhaul in LEO Satellite Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3015-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuke","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3545-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palattella, M.R., Scanzio, S., and Coleri Ergen, S. (2019). Proceedings of the Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31831-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7306534","article-title":"Wireless backhauling of 5G small cells: Challenges and solution approaches","volume":"22","author":"Siddique","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700038","article-title":"The space-terrestrial integrated network: An overview","volume":"56","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauri, Y., Bhattacherjee, D., Grossmann, M., and Singla, A. (2020, January 4\u20136). \u201cInternet from space\u201d without inter-satellite links; HotNets \u201920. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3422604.3425938"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2487046","article-title":"Satellite communications supporting internet of remote things","volume":"3","author":"Cianca","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1394","article-title":"5G satellite networks for Internet of Things: Offloading and backhauling","volume":"39","author":"Soret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800301","article-title":"Ultra-dense LEO: Integration of satellite access networks into 5G and beyond","volume":"26","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, May 04). Study on 5G System with Satellite Backhaul. Available online: https:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/Specs\/archive\/23_series\/23.700-27\/23700-27-i00.zip."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, R., Liu, F., Huang, T., and Chen, T. (2022, January 11\u201313). A congestion-aware handover scheme for LEO satellite networks. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Foshan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC55456.2022.9880720"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900550","article-title":"Enhancing the resilience of low earth orbit remote sensing satellite networks","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22682","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3182412","article-title":"Optimal gateway placement for minimizing intersatellite link usage in LEO megaconstellation networks","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2019.2899731","article-title":"Joint beamforming and power allocation for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks with non-orthogonal multiple access","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11123","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051603","article-title":"Supporting IoT with rate-splitting multiple access in satellite and aerial-integrated networks","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10127","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3000908","article-title":"QoE-driven intelligent handover for user-centric mobile satellite Networks","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2018.8398222","article-title":"Hybrid-Traffic-Detour based load balancing for onboard routing in LEO satellite networks","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3206616","article-title":"Distance-based back-pressure routing for load-balancing LEO satellite networks","volume":"72","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2022.02.020","article-title":"Load balancing routing algorithm based on extended link states in LEO constellation network","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2988043","article-title":"A satellite handover strategy based on MIMO technology in LEO satellite networks","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112044","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934932","article-title":"Load-balancing routing algorithm based on segment routing for traffic return in LEO satellite networks","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2003.819977","article-title":"Supporting IP\/LEO satellite networks by handover-independent IP mobility management","volume":"22","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.783","article-title":"Satellite handover techniques for LEO networks","volume":"22","author":"Papapetrou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1250","article-title":"Velocity-aware handover prediction in LEO satellite communication networks","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3041347","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for multi-user access control in non-terrestrial networks","volume":"69","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/49.345884","article-title":"Efficient dynamic channel allocation techniques with handover queuing for mobile satellite networks","volume":"13","author":"Fantacci","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, C., Feng, J., Chang, H., Song, B., and Xu, Z. (2018, January 21\u201325). A novel handover control strategy combined with multi-hop routing in LEO satellite networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPSW.2018.00132"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98715","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930626","article-title":"Satellite-ground link planning for LEO satellite navigation augmentation networks","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Jiang, X., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Sun, S., and Liang, G. (2022). Adaptive access selection algorithm for large-scale satellite networks based on dynamic domain. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165995"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1109\/49.634801","article-title":"A dynamic routing concept for ATM-based satellite personal communication networks","volume":"15","author":"Werner","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2443095","article-title":"Using Lagrangian Relaxation for Radio Resource Allocation in High Altitude Platforms","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5448\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:51:12Z","timestamp":1760125872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s23125448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23125448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}