{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:34:42Z","timestamp":1776944082091,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T001046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T001046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V047264\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V047264\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensing and Timing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensing and Timing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T001046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T001046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensing and Timing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V047264\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V047264\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensing and Timing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensing and Timing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Healthcare Impact Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Healthcare Impact Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T001046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T001046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Healthcare Impact Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V047264\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V047264\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Healthcare Impact Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Healthcare Impact Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T001046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T001046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V047264\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V047264\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"a Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"a Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T001046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T001046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"a Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V047264\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V047264\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"a Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"a Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203257\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of human cognitive function is reliant on complex social interactions which form the behavioural foundation of who we are. These social capacities are subject to dramatic change in disease and injury; yet their supporting neural substrates remain poorly understood. Hyperscanning employs functional neuroimaging to simultaneously assess brain activity in two individuals and offers the best means to understand the neural basis of social interaction. However, present technologies are limited, either by poor performance (low spatial\/temporal precision) or an unnatural scanning environment (claustrophobic scanners, with interactions via video). Here, we describe hyperscanning using wearable magnetoencephalography (MEG) based on optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). We demonstrate our approach by simultaneously measuring brain activity in two subjects undertaking two separate tasks\u2014an interactive touching task and a ball game. Despite large and unpredictable subject motion, sensorimotor brain activity was delineated clearly, and the correlation of the envelope of neuronal oscillations between the two subjects was demonstrated. Our results show that unlike existing modalities, OPM-MEG combines high-fidelity data acquisition and a naturalistic setting and thus presents significant potential to investigate neural correlates of social interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T08:37:33Z","timestamp":1686299853000},"page":"5454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Naturalistic Hyperscanning with Wearable Magnetoencephalography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0561-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niall","family":"Holmes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Cerca Magnetics Limited, Unit 2 Castlebridge Office Village, Kirtley Drive, Nottingham NG7 1LD, UK"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerca Magnetics Limited, Unit 2 Castlebridge Office Village, Kirtley Drive, Nottingham NG7 1LD, UK"},{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Cerca Magnetics Limited, Unit 2 Castlebridge Office Village, Kirtley Drive, Nottingham NG7 1LD, UK"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Boto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerca Magnetics Limited, Unit 2 Castlebridge Office Village, Kirtley Drive, Nottingham NG7 1LD, UK"},{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6719-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Leggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Lucy J.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QuSpin Inc., 331 South 104th Street, Suite 130, Louisville, CO 80027, USA"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QuSpin Inc., 331 South 104th Street, Suite 130, Louisville, CO 80027, USA"}]},{"given":"T. Mark","family":"Fromhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"P. Read","family":"Montague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Cerca Magnetics Limited, Unit 2 Castlebridge Office Village, Kirtley Drive, Nottingham NG7 1LD, UK"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowtell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.022","article-title":"Centrality of Social Interaction in Human Brain Function","volume":"88","author":"Hari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2007","article-title":"Brain Basis of Human Social Interaction: From Concepts to Brain Imaging","volume":"89","author":"Hari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00039","article-title":"Hyperscanning: A Valid Method to Study Neural Inter-Brain Underpinnings of Social Interaction","volume":"14","author":"Czeszumski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00279","article-title":"Imaging Real-Time Tactile Interaction with Two-Person Dual-Coil FMRI","volume":"11","author":"Renvall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23313","article-title":"Decoupled Circular-Polarized Dual-Head Volume Coil Pair for Studying Two Interacting Human Brains with Dyadic FMRI","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1150","article-title":"Hyperscanning: Simultaneous FMRI during Linked Social Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108062","article-title":"Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two-Person Economic Exchange","volume":"308","author":"Tomlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049","article-title":"A Brief Review on the History of Human Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS) Development and Fields of Application","volume":"63","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.017","article-title":"EEG and MEG: Relevance to Neuroscience","volume":"80","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702493114","article-title":"Speaker Gaze Increases Information Coupling between Infant and Adult Brains","volume":"114","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060","article-title":"Brain-to-Brain Synchrony in Parent-Child Dyads and the Relationship with Emotion Regulation Revealed by FNIRS-Based Hyperscanning","volume":"178","author":"Reindl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.002","article-title":"Brain-to-Brain Synchrony Tracks Real-World Dynamic Group Interactions in the Classroom","volume":"27","author":"Dikker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00138","article-title":"High-Frequency Brain Activity and Muscle Artifacts in MEG\/EEG: A Review and Recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3843.784","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography: Evidence of Magnetic Fields Produced by Alpha-Rhythm Currents","volume":"161","author":"Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.65.413","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography Theory, Instrumentation, and Applications to Noninvasive Studies of the Working Human Brain","volume":"65","author":"Hari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4504","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography for Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging","volume":"20","author":"Baillet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116099","article-title":"Wearable Neuroimaging: Combining and Contrasting Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography","volume":"201","author":"Boto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4022.664","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography: Detection of the Brain\u2019s Electrical Activity with a Superconducting Magnetometer","volume":"175","author":"Cohen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00118","article-title":"Hyperscanning MEG for Understanding Mother-Child Cerebral Interactions","volume":"8","author":"Hirata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00083","article-title":"MEG Dual Scanning: A Procedure to Study Real-Time Auditory Interaction between Two Persons","volume":"6","author":"Baess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhdanov, A., Nurminen, J., Baess, P., Hirvenkari, L., Jousm\u00e4ki, V., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J.P., Mandel, A., Meronen, L., Hari, R., and Parkkonen, L. (2015). An Internet-Based Real-Time Audiovisual Link for Dual MEG Recordings. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128485"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx032","article-title":"Perception of Social Synchrony Induces Mother-Child Gamma Coupling in the Social Brain","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa061","article-title":"The Integration of Social and Neural Synchrony: A Case for Ecologically Valid Research Using MEG Neuroimaging","volume":"16","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26147","article-title":"Moving Magnetoencephalography towards Real-World Applications with a Wearable System","volume":"555","author":"Boto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.05.008","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography with Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPM-MEG): The next Generation of Functional Neuroimaging","volume":"45","author":"Brookes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boto, E., Bowtell, R., Kr\u00fcger, P., Fromhold, T.M., Morris, P.G., Meyer, S.S., Barnes, G.R., and Brookes, M.J. (2016). On the Potential of a New Generation of Magnetometers for MEG: A Beamformer Simulation Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157655"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.048","article-title":"Measuring MEG Closer to the Brain: Performance of on-Scalp Sensor Arrays","volume":"147","author":"Iivanainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.010","article-title":"Towards OPM-MEG in a Virtual Reality Environment","volume":"199","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14890","article-title":"A 90-Channel Triaxial Magnetoencephalography System Using Optically Pumped Magnetometers","volume":"1517","author":"Rea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118604","article-title":"Using OPMs to Measure Neural Activity in Standing, Mobile Participants","volume":"244","author":"Seymour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12486-x","article-title":"A Tool for Functional Brain Imaging with Lifespan Compliance","volume":"10","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212453","article-title":"On-Scalp Optically Pumped Magnetometers versus Cryogenic Magnetoencephalography for Diagnostic Evaluation of Epilepsy in School-Aged Children","volume":"304","author":"Feys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.130801","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Atomic Magnetometer Unaffected by Spin-Exchange Relaxation","volume":"89","author":"Allred","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.028","article-title":"A Bi-Planar Coil System for Nulling Background Magnetic Fields in Scalp Mounted Magnetoencephalography","volume":"181","author":"Holmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.022","article-title":"On-Scalp MEG System Utilizing an Actively Shielded Array of Optically-Pumped Magnetometers","volume":"194","author":"Iivanainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borna, A., Carter, T.R., Colombo, A.P., Jau, Y.Y., McKay, J., Weisend, M., Taulu, S., Stephen, J.M., and Schwindt, P.D.D. (2020). Non-Invasive Functional-Brain-Imaging with an OPM-Based Magnetoencephalography System. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227684"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50697-w","article-title":"Balanced, Bi-Planar Magnetic Field and Field Gradient Coils for Field Compensation in Wearable Magnetoencephalography","volume":"9","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17346-1","article-title":"OPEN A Lightweight Magnetically Shielded Room with Active Shielding","volume":"12","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120157","article-title":"NeuroImage Enabling Ambulatory Movement in Wearable Magnetoencephalography with Matrix Coil Active Magnetic Shielding","volume":"274","author":"Holmes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116995","article-title":"Multi-Channel Whole-Head OPM-MEG: Helmet Design and a Comparison with a Conventional System","volume":"219","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4922671","article-title":"Minimizing Magnetic Fields for Precision Experiments","volume":"117","author":"Altarev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/mms-2013-0021","article-title":"Measures to Reduce the Residual Field and Field Gradient inside a Magnetically Shielded Room by a Factor of More than 10","volume":"20","author":"Voigt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.063","article-title":"Optically Pumped Magnetometers: From Quantum Origins to Multi-Channel Magnetoencephalography","volume":"199","author":"Tierney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schofield, H., Boto, E., Shah, V., Hill, R.M., Osborne, J., Rea, M., Doyle, C., Holmes, N., Bowtell, R., and Woolger, D. (2023). Quantum Enabled Functional Neuroimaging: The Why and How of Magnetoencephalography Using Optically Pumped Magnetometers. Contemp. Phys.","DOI":"10.1080\/00107514.2023.2182950"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"89","article-title":"Fully Integrated, Standalone Zero Field Optically Pumped Magnetometer for Biomagnetism","volume":"51","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steep Dispers. Eng. Opto-At. Precis. Metrol. XI"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.034","article-title":"A New Generation of Magnetoencephalography: Room Temperature Measurements Using Optically-Pumped Magnetometers","volume":"149","author":"Boto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41763-4","article-title":"Optical Co-Registration of MRI and On-Scalp MEG","volume":"9","author":"Zetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2010.03.008","article-title":"Magnetic Field Modeling with a Set of Individual Localized Coils","volume":"204","author":"Juchem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2478\/amcs-2014-0018","article-title":"Tikhonov Regularization and Constrained Quadratic Programming for Magnetic Coil Design Problems","volume":"24","author":"Garda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.011","article-title":"Dynamic Multi-Coil Technique (DYNAMITE) Shimming for Echo-Planar Imaging of the Human Brain at 7 Tesla","volume":"105","author":"Juchem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2011.07.005","article-title":"Dynamic Multi-Coil Shimming of the Human Brain at 7 T","volume":"212","author":"Juchem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Shah, V., and Hughes, J.K. (2015). Method for Detecting Zero-Field Resonance 2015. (No. 9,116,201), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-Related EEG\/MEG Synchronization and Desynchronization: Basic Principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1238","article-title":"Signal Processing in Magnetoencephalography","volume":"25","author":"Vrba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/32\/1\/004","article-title":"Basic Mathematical and Electromagnetic Concepts of the Biomagnetic Inverse Problem","volume":"32","author":"Sarvas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"The Social Brain Hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Dunbar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2022.100093","article-title":"On-Scalp Magnetocorticography with Optically Pumped Magnetometers: Simulated Performance in Resolving Simultaneous Sources","volume":"2","author":"Nugent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118818","article-title":"Cross-Axis Projection Error in Optically Pumped Magnetometers and Its Implication for Magnetoencephalography Systems","volume":"247","author":"Borna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:51:28Z","timestamp":1760125888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s23125454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23125454","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.09.07.459124","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}