{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:26:20Z","timestamp":1780395980269,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62203025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62203025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-ZZ-076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-ZZ-076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62203025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62203025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-ZZ-076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-ZZ-076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Damage localization methods for composite materials are a popular research topic at present. The time-difference-blind localization method and beamforming localization method are often individually utilized in the localization of the acoustic emission sources of composite materials. Based on the performances of the two methods, a joint localization method for the acoustic emission sources of composite materials is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the performance of the time-difference-blind localization method and the beamforming localization method were analyzed. Then, with the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods in mind, a joint localization method was proposed. Finally, the performance of the joint localization method was verified using simulations and experiments. The results show that the joint localization method can reduce the localization time by half compared with the beamforming localization method. At the same time, compared with the time-difference-blind localization method, the localization accuracy can be improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T09:54:32Z","timestamp":1686304472000},"page":"5473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Joint Acoustic Emission Source Localization Method for Composite Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishuai","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajak, D.K., Pagar, D.D., Menezes, P.L., and Linul, E. (2019). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing, properties, and applications. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101667"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-012-9258-7","article-title":"Manufacturing aspects of advanced polymer composites for automotive applications","volume":"20","author":"Friedrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.08.041","article-title":"Wind turbine blade recycling: Experiences, challenges and possibilities in a circular economy","volume":"97","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05020007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001105","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced polymer bars for concrete structures: State-of-the-practice in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Manalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2019.106619","article-title":"A new calculation model of blasting damage degree\u2014Based on fractal and tie rod damage theory","volume":"220","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubino, F., Nistic\u00f2, A., Tucci, F., and Carlone, P. (2020). Marine application of fiber reinforced composites: A review. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8010026"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, M., and Li, S. (2006, January 15\u201317). Application and development of advanced composite materials for aircraft structures. Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference on Composite Materials, Yichang, China."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.09.005","article-title":"Development of an artificial neural network processing technique for the analysis of damage evolution in pultruded composites with acoustic emission","volume":"56","author":"Crivelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(98)01142-3","article-title":"One sensor linear location of acoustic emission events using plate wave theories","volume":"265","author":"Surgeon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119086","article-title":"Acoustic emission propagation characteristics and damage source localization of asphalt mixtures","volume":"252","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/53.665","article-title":"Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering","volume":"5","author":"Veen","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Assp Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2009.08.037","article-title":"Beamforming array techniques for acoustic emission monitoring of large concrete structures","volume":"329","author":"Mclaskey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2011.12.003","article-title":"Near-field beamforming analysis for acoustic emission source localization","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nakatani, H., Hajzargarbashi, T., Ito, K., Kundu, T., and Takeda, N. (2012). Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Proceedings of the SPIE\u2019s 2012 Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Nondestructive Evaluation, San Diego, CA, USA, 12\u201315 March 2012, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2013.04.017","article-title":"Analysis on accuracy improvement of rotor-stator rubbing localization based on acoustic emission beamforming method","volume":"54","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.106291","article-title":"A fast acoustic emission beamforming localization method based on hilbert curve","volume":"133","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, X., He, T., Tai, J., and Shan, Y. (2020). A novel joint localization method for acoustic emission source based on time difference of arrival and beamforming. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10228045"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"199","article-title":"Research on acoustic emission source localization based on near field beamforming method","volume":"025","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vib. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-1021(76)90027-X","article-title":"Acoustic-emission source location in two dimensions by an array of three sensors","volume":"9","author":"Tobias","year":"1976","journal-title":"Non-Destruct. Test."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2010.02.006","article-title":"Leak detection in water-filled plastic pipes through the application of tuned wavelet transforms to Acoustic Emission signals","volume":"71","author":"Ahadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401258","article-title":"Plate wave acoustic emission","volume":"90","author":"Gorman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3224736","article-title":"Acoustic emission source location in composite structure by Voronoi construction using geodesic curve evolution","volume":"126","author":"Gangadharan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2016.09.024","article-title":"A novel multi-segment path analysis based on a heterogeneous velocity model for the localization of acoustic emission sources in complex propagation media","volume":"74","author":"Gollob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.01.021","article-title":"Acoustic emission Bayesian source location: Onset time challenge","volume":"123","author":"Madarshahian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2018.01.032","article-title":"Collaborative localization method using analytical and iterative solutions for microseismic\/acoustic emission sources in the rockmass structure for underground mining","volume":"210","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2012.01.017","article-title":"Acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates","volume":"52","author":"Kundu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2017.10.007","article-title":"Acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates with \u201cZ\u201d shaped sensor clusters","volume":"84","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2017.02.021","article-title":"Acoustic source localization in an anisotropic plate without knowing its material properties\u2014A new approach","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.01.011","article-title":"A new wave front shape-based approach for acoustic source localization in an anisotropic plate without knowing its material properties","volume":"87","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107489","article-title":"Square-shaped sensor clusters for acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates by wave front shape-based approach","volume":"153","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2013.09.020","article-title":"A novel acoustic emission beamforming method with two uniform linear arrays on plate-like structures","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:51:57Z","timestamp":1760125917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/12\/5473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s23125473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23125473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}