{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:21:25Z","timestamp":1767626485232,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Accurate Delay Rock Breaking Mechanism and Key Technology Innovation Team","award":["2020D14043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D14043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The China Society of Explosives and Blasting required a larger than 20% annual increase in the national use of digital electronic detonators since 2018. So, this article conducted a large number of on-site tests and then used the Hilbert\u2013Huang Transform method to analyze and compare the vibration signals of digital electronic and nonel detonators during the excavation process of minor cross-sectional rock roadways from the perspective of time, frequency, and energy. Then, through vibration energy analysis, identification of actual delay time, and formula derivation, it was proved that the delay time error of the detonator can control vibration wave random interference and reduce vibration. The analysis results showed that when using a segmented simultaneous blasting network for excavation in small-sectioned rock tunnels, nonel detonators may provide more excellent protection to structures than digital electronic detonators. In the same segment, the timing error of nonel detonators produces a vibration wave with a random superposition damping effect, resulting in an average vibration reduction of 19.4% per segment compared to digital electronic detonators. However, digital electronic detonators are superior to nonel detonators for the fragmentation effect on rock. The research conducted in this paper has the potential to facilitate a more rational and comprehensive promotion of digital electronic detonators in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1686536922000},"page":"5477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Time\u2013Frequency\u2013Energy Characteristics Analysis of Vibration Signals in Digital Electronic Detonators and Nonel Detonators Exploders Based on the HHT Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Haojie","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Mining for Minerals Resources, Education Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Jingkun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2016.09.015","article-title":"Pile response subjected to rock blasting induced ground vibration near soil-rock interface","volume":"82","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. 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