{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:34:53Z","timestamp":1778880893537,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review aims to explore the applications of indocyanine green (ICG) in robot-assisted urological surgery through a detailed examination of fluorescence-guided techniques. An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, using keywords such as \u201cindocyanine green,\u201d \u201cICG\u201d, \u201cNIRF\u201d, \u201cNear Infrared Fluorescence\u201d, \u201crobot-assisted\u201d, and \u201curology\u201d. Additional suitable articles were collected by manually cross-referencing the bibliography of previously selected papers. The integration of the Firefly\u00ae technology in the Da Vinci\u00ae robotic system has opened new avenues for the advancement and exploration of different urological procedures. ICG is a fluorophore widely used in near-infrared fluorescence-guided techniques. The synergistic combination of intraoperative support, safety profiles and widespread availability comprises an additional asset that empowers ICG-guided robotic surgery. This overview of the current state of the art illustrates the potential advantages and broad applications of combining ICG-fluorescence guidance with robotic-assisted urological surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1686536922000},"page":"5497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Exploring the Applications of Indocyanine Green in Robot-Assisted Urological Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Fluorescence-Guided Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3274-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie Claire","family":"Licari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Maternal-Child and Urological Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-0590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Maternal-Child and Urological Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Simone","family":"Flammia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Department of Maternal-Child and Urological Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo Maria","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"D\u2019annunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tuderti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.106.2745.130.b","article-title":"Fluorescein as an Agent in the Differentiation of Normal and Malignant Tissues","volume":"106","author":"Moore","year":"1947","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042002","DOI":"10.1088\/2050-6120\/ac1dbb","article-title":"Fluorescence Guided Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Appl. 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