{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T21:30:27Z","timestamp":1773091827854,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory disorders, being one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, account for constant evolution in management technologies, resulting in the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recording and analysis of lung sounds to aid diagnosis in clinical pulmonology practice. Although lung sound auscultation is a common clinical practice, its use in diagnosis is limited due to its high variability and subjectivity. We review the origin of lung sounds, various auscultation and processing methods over the years and their clinical applications to understand the potential for a lung sound auscultation and analysis device. Respiratory sounds result from the intra-pulmonary collision of molecules contained in the air, leading to turbulent flow and subsequent sound production. These sounds have been recorded via an electronic stethoscope and analyzed using back-propagation neural networks, wavelet transform models, Gaussian mixture models and recently with machine learning and deep learning models with possible use in asthma, COVID-19, asbestosis and interstitial lung disease. The purpose of this review was to summarize lung sound physiology, recording technologies and diagnostics methods using AI for digital pulmonology practice. Future research and development in recording and analyzing respiratory sounds in real time could revolutionize clinical practice for both the patients and the healthcare personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:00:45Z","timestamp":1686621645000},"page":"5514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Digital Pulmonology Practice with Phonopulmography Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives Using Dual Microwave Acoustic Sensing and Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5018-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshia K.","family":"Sethi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Pratyusha","family":"Muddaloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-214X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Anvekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Joshika","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Anmol","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Mansunderbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Keerthy","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Ashima","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakriti","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devanshi","family":"Damani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX 79995, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3185-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanchan","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"IHU Liryc, Heart Rhythm Disease Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Universit\u00e9, F-33600 Pessac, France"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Aakre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek N.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaram P.","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). 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