{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:02:00Z","timestamp":1781776920479,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Human Engineering Research Laboratories at the University of Pittsburgh","award":["A2755-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2755-R"]}]},{"name":"Human Engineering Research Laboratories at the University of Pittsburgh","award":["A3206-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3206-M"]}]},{"name":"Human Engineering Research Laboratories at the University of Pittsburgh","award":["B9269-L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B9269-L"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs merit review","award":["A2755-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2755-R"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs merit review","award":["A3206-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3206-M"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs merit review","award":["B9269-L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B9269-L"]}]},{"name":"Career Development Award (CDA)","award":["A2755-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2755-R"]}]},{"name":"Career Development Award (CDA)","award":["A3206-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3206-M"]}]},{"name":"Career Development Award (CDA)","award":["B9269-L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B9269-L"]}]},{"name":"Senior Research Career Scientist (SRCS)","award":["A2755-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2755-R"]}]},{"name":"Senior Research Career Scientist (SRCS)","award":["A3206-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3206-M"]}]},{"name":"Senior Research Career Scientist (SRCS)","award":["B9269-L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B9269-L"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caregivers that assist with wheelchair transfers are susceptible to back pain and occupational injuries. The study describes a prototype of the powered personal transfer system (PPTS) consisting of a novel powered hospital bed and a customized Medicare Group 2 electric powered wheelchair (EPW) working together to provide a no-lift solution for transfers. The study follows a participatory action design and engineering (PADE) process and describes the design, kinematics, and control system of the PPTS and end-users\u2019 perception to provide qualitative guidance and feedback about the PPTS. Thirty-six participants (wheelchair users (n = 18) and caregivers (n = 18)) included in the focus groups reported an overall positive impression of the system. Caregivers reported that the PPTS would reduce the risk of injuries and make transfers easier. Feedback revealed limitations and unmet needs of mobility device users, including a lack of power seat functions in the Group-2 wheelchair, a need for no-caregiver assistance\/capability for independent transfers, and a need for a more ergonomic touchscreen. These limitations may be mitigated with design modifications in future prototypes. The PPTS is a promising robotic transfer system that may aid in the higher independence of powered wheelchair users and provide a safer solution for transfers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1686708100000},"page":"5540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Participatory Action Design and Engineering of Powered Personal Transfer System for Wheelchair Users: Initial Design and Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantanu A.","family":"Satpute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Engineering Research Laboratories, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA"},{"name":"Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 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