{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T20:45:57Z","timestamp":1773434757942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Council of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of sulfonated metallophthalocyanines into sensitive sensor materials can improve electron transfer and thus species detection. Herein, we propose a simple and easy alternative to the use of generally expensive sulfonated phthalocyanines by electropolymerizing polypyrrole together with nickel phthalocyanine in the presence of an anionic surfactant. The addition of the surfactant not only helps the incorporation of the water-insoluble pigment into the polypyrrole film, but the obtained structure has increased hydrophobicity, which is a key property for developing efficient gas sensors with low sensitivity to water. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the materials tested for the detection of ammonia in the range of 100 to 400 ppm. It is shown by comparing the microwave sensor responses that the film without nickel phthalocyanine (hydrophilic) produces greater variations than the film with nickel phthalocyanine (hydrophobic). These results are consistent with the expected results since the hydrophobic film is not very sensitive to residual ambient water and therefore does not interfere with the microwave response. However, although this excess response is usually a handicap, as it is a source of drift, in these experiments the microwave response shows great stability in both cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1686708100000},"page":"5550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microwave Gas Sensors Based on Electrodeposited Polypyrrole\u2013Nickel Phthalocyanine Hybrid Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8378-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana-Alexandra","family":"Pavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UTINAM\u2014UMR CNRS 6213, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Rossignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lakard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTINAM\u2014UMR CNRS 6213, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Stuerga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Lakard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTINAM\u2014UMR CNRS 6213, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2192","article-title":"Chronic Bronchitis, COPD, and Lung Function in Farmers: The Role of Biological Agents","volume":"136","author":"Eduard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2009.24.4.311","article-title":"Evaluation of Agricultural Exposures: The Agricultural Health Study and the Agricultural Cohort Consortium","volume":"24","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. 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