{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:43:06Z","timestamp":1782016986064,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2021 MOE of PRC Industry-University Collaborative Education Program","award":["202101042021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101042021"]}]},{"name":"2021 MOE of PRC Industry-University Collaborative Education Program","award":["18YJCZH249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJCZH249"]}]},{"name":"2021 MOE of PRC Industry-University Collaborative Education Program","award":["201904010241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904010241"]}]},{"name":"2021 MOE of PRC Industry-University Collaborative Education Program","award":["263303306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["263303306"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["202101042021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101042021"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["18YJCZH249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJCZH249"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["201904010241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904010241"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["263303306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["263303306"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["202101042021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101042021"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["18YJCZH249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJCZH249"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["201904010241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904010241"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["263303306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["263303306"]}]},{"name":"Humanity Design and Engineering Research Team","award":["202101042021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101042021"]}]},{"name":"Humanity Design and Engineering Research Team","award":["18YJCZH249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJCZH249"]}]},{"name":"Humanity Design and Engineering Research Team","award":["201904010241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904010241"]}]},{"name":"Humanity Design and Engineering Research Team","award":["263303306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["263303306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the challenges faced by individuals with upper limb disadvantages in operating power wheelchair joysticks by utilizing the extended Function\u2013Behavior\u2013Structure (FBS) model to identify design requirements for an alternative wheelchair control system. A gaze-controlled wheelchair system is proposed based on design requirements from the extended FBS model and prioritized using the MosCow method. This innovative system relies on the user\u2019s natural gaze and comprises three levels: perception, decision making, and execution. The perception layer senses and acquires information from the environment, including user eye movements and driving context. The decision-making layer processes this information to determine the user\u2019s intended direction, while the execution layer controls the wheelchair\u2019s movement accordingly. The system\u2019s effectiveness was validated through indoor field testing, with an average driving drift of less than 20 cm for participates. Additionally, the user experience scale revealed overall positive user experiences and perceptions of the system\u2019s usability, ease of use, and satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T02:28:56Z","timestamp":1686796136000},"page":"5571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and Evaluation of the Extended FBS Model Based Gaze-Control Power Wheelchair for Individuals Facing Manual Control Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"},{"name":"Guangdong International Center of Advanced Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianbo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding-Bang","family":"Luh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"},{"name":"Guangdong International Center of Advanced Design, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2011.05.001","article-title":"WHO world report on disability: A review","volume":"4","author":"Krahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. 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