{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:11:37Z","timestamp":1773018697271,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE200100238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE200100238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP230101312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP230101312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Palpation is a simple but effective method to distinguish tumors from healthy tissues. The development of miniaturized tactile sensors embedded on endoscopic or robotic devices is key to achieving precise palpation diagnosis and subsequent timely treatment. This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a novel tactile sensor with mechanical flexibility and optical transparency that can be easily mounted on soft surgical endoscopes and robotics. By utilizing the pneumatic sensing mechanism, the sensor offers a high sensitivity of 1.25 mbar and negligible hysteresis, enabling the detection of phantom tissues with different stiffnesses ranging from 0 to 2.5 MPa. Our configuration, combining pneumatic sensing and hydraulic actuating, also eliminates electrical wiring from the functional elements located at the robot end-effector, thereby enhancing the system safety. The optical transparency path in the sensors together with its mechanical sensing capability open interesting possibilities in the early detection of solid tumor as well as in the development of all-in-one soft surgical robots that can perform visual\/mechanical feedback and optical therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1687141759000},"page":"5671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Transparent Pneumatic Tactile Sensors for Soft Biomedical Robotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3495-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Cong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trung Thien","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Nho","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang-Phuong","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 03). 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