{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:15:03Z","timestamp":1760148903131,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]],"date-time":"2023-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003170","name":"Knowledge Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20170211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>User location is becoming an increasingly common and important feature for a wide range of services. Smartphone owners increasingly use location-based services, as service providers add context-enhanced functionality such as car-driving routes, COVID-19 tracking, crowdedness indicators, and suggestions for nearby points of interest. However, positioning a user indoors is still problematic due to the fading of the radio signal caused by multipath and shadowing, where both have complex dependencies on the indoor environment. Location fingerprinting is a common positioning method where Radio Signal Strength (RSS) measurements are compared to a reference database of previously stored RSS values. Due to the size of the reference databases, these are often stored in the cloud. However, server-side positioning computations make preserving the user\u2019s privacy problematic. Given the assumption that a user does not want to communicate his\/her location, we pose the question of whether a passive system with client-side computations can substitute fingerprinting-based systems, which commonly use active communication with a server. We compared two passive indoor location systems based on multilateration and sensor fusion using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) with fingerprinting and show how these may provide accurate indoor positioning without compromising the user\u2019s privacy in a busy office environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1687141759000},"page":"5684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Some Design Considerations in Passive Indoor Positioning Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Europe B.V., 223 62 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 205 06 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6019-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5se","family":"Jevinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 205 06 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Carl Magnus","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 205 06 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan A.","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 205 06 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Groves, P. 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