{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T21:47:41Z","timestamp":1778449661689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61902198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902198"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20190730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190730"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NY219135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY219135"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["61902198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902198"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20190730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190730"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["NY219135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY219135"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["61902198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902198"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["BK20190730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190730"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["NY219135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY219135"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","award":["61902198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902198"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","award":["BK20190730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190730"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","award":["NY219135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY219135"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a simple but effective image filtering method, namely, local adaptive image filtering (LAIF), based on an image segmentation method, i.e., recursive dilation segmentation (RDS). The algorithm is motivated by the observation that for the pixel to be smoothed, only the similar pixels nearby are utilized to obtain the filtering result. Relying on this observation, similar pixels are partitioned by RDS before applying a locally adaptive filter to smooth the image. More specifically, by directly taking the spatial information between adjacent pixels into consideration in a recursive dilation way, RDS is firstly proposed to partition the guided image into several regions, so that the pixels belonging to the same segmentation region share a similar property. Then, guided by the iterative segmented results, the input image can be easily filtered via a local adaptive filtering technique, which smooths each pixel by selectively averaging its local similar pixels. It is worth mentioning that RDS makes full use of multiple integrated information including pixel intensity, hue information, and especially spatial adjacent information, leading to more robust filtering results. In addition, the application of LAIF in the remote sensing field has achieved outstanding results, specifically in areas such as image dehazing, denoising, enhancement, and edge preservation, among others. Experimental results show that the proposed LAIF can be successfully applied to various filtering-based tasks with favorable performance against state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:30:51Z","timestamp":1687314651000},"page":"5776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Local Adaptive Image Filtering Based on Recursive Dilation Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0018-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bell Honors, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bell Honors, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingye","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2965294","article-title":"Efficient and Fast Real-World Noisy Image Denoising by Combining Pyramid Neural Network and Two-Pathway Unscented Kalman Filter","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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