{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:57:56Z","timestamp":1768413476835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61471122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471122"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62101130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101130"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020A1515110289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110289"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["61471122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471122"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["62101130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101130"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2020A1515110289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous works only focus on the optimization design for the dual-hop cooperative ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system with single-relay selection. The impact of relay selection on the outage performance of dual-hop cooperative AmBC systems is still missing. Motivated by this, in this paper, we investigate the outage performance of a dual-hop cooperative AmBC system with single-relay selection, where the backscatter link shares the receiver with the cellular link and the harmful direct-link interference (DLI) is mitigated by using successive interference cancellation (SIC). In the system considered, the selected relay has dual functions. One is to forward message for the cellular link, and the other is to act as the radio-frequency (RF) source for the backscatter device (BD). Specifically, after proposing two novel single-relay selection schemes (RSSs), namely reactive RSS and proactive RSS, we derive the closed-form outage probability (OP) expressions for both RSSs, which can be performed in a distributed manner. To gain more insights, the asymptotic OPs at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are explored and the outage performance comparison between the reactive RSS and proactive RSS are also provided. Results show that the proposed reactive RSS is outage-optimal among all possible single-relay selection schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The results also show that the relay selection scheme, the number of relays, the location of BD, and the reflection coefficient of BD have great impact on the outage performance of cooperative AmBC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T02:09:17Z","timestamp":1687399757000},"page":"5791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relay Selection for Dual-Hop Cooperative Ambient Backscatter Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichao","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janjua, M.B., and Arslan, H. (2023). A Survey of Symbiotic Radio: Methodologies, Applications, and Future Directions. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052511"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841964","article-title":"Ambient backscatter communications: A contemporary survey","volume":"20","author":"Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2911500","article-title":"Cooperative ambient backscatter system: A symbiotic radio paradigm for passive IoT","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer, V., Talla, V., Kellogg, B., Gollakota, S., and Smith, J.R. (2016, January 22\u201326). Inter-technology backscatter: Towards internet connectivity for implanted devices. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, Florianopolis, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934894"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Rostami, M., Hu, P., and Ganesan, D. (2016, January 22\u201326). Enabling Practical Backscatter Communication for On-body Sensors. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, Florianopolis, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934901"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2872383","article-title":"Switching Frequency Techniques for Universal Ambient Backscatter Networking","volume":"37","author":"Vougioukas","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2934101","article-title":"Price-Based Bandwidth Allocation for Backscatter Communication With Bandwidth Constraints","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2799848","article-title":"Cooperative ambient backscatter communications for green Internet-of-Things","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2936196","article-title":"Ergodic rate analysis of cooperative ambient backscatter communication","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12352","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2871154","article-title":"Adaptive ambient backscatter communication systems with MRC","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954678","article-title":"Symbiotic radio: A new communication paradigm for passive Internet of Things","volume":"7","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Dai, Z., and Zeng, Y. (2023). MIMO Symbiotic Radio with Massive Backscatter Devices: Asymptotic Analysis and Precoding Optimization. IEEE Trans. Commun.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3284009"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21597","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2898474","article-title":"Full-duplex backscatter communications in symbiotic radio systems","volume":"7","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20000","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897822","article-title":"Backscatter-NOMA: A symbiotic system of cellular and Internet-of-Things networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3127043","article-title":"When NOMA Multiplexing Meets Symbiotic Ambient Backscatter Communication: Outage Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Elsayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asif, M., Ihsan, A., Khan, W.U., Ranjha, A., Zhang, S., and Wu, S.X. Energy-efficient beamforming and resource optimization for AmBSC-assisted cooperative NOMA IoT networks. IEEE Internet Things J., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3247021"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Ding, H., Elkashlan, M., Li, H., and Xin, K. A Novel Symbiotic Backscatter-NOMA System. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3259687"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3164257","article-title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surface with energy harvesting assisted cooperative ambient backscatter communications","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Xu, Y., Li, D., Huang, C., Yuen, C., Zhou, J., and Yang, G. Energy-Efficient Maximization for RIS-Aided MISO Symbiotic Radio Systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3274796"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, S., Wang, R., Xu, Y., Lou, Y., Zhang, D., and Sato, T. Secrecy Analysis of ABCom-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems With Jamming. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3250427"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","article-title":"Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior","volume":"50","author":"Laneman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2003.817829","article-title":"Distributed space-time-coded protocols for exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks","volume":"49","author":"Laneman","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2837120","article-title":"Outage probability and throughput analysis of swipt enabled cognitive relay network with ambient backscatter","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, D.-T., Nguyen, T.-L., and Lee, B.M. (2020). Performance Analysis of Cognitive Relay-Assisted Ambient Backscatter with MRC over Nakagami-m Fading Channels. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123447"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.L.N., Kim, J.-Y., and Shin, Y. (2020). Ambient Backscattering-Enabled SWIPT Relaying System with a Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Model. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164534"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875719","article-title":"Relay cooperation enhanced backscatter communication for internet-of-things","volume":"6","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2957490","article-title":"Two birds with one stone: Exploiting decode-and-forward relaying for opportunistic ambient backscattering","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24655","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3193104","article-title":"Exploiting Hybrid SWIPT in Ambient Backscatter Communication-Enabled Relay Networks: Optimize Power Allocation and Time Scheduling","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Jiang, J., Wang, H., Han, C., Chen, G., Du, J., Hu, C., and Mumtaz, S. Physical layer security for wireless-powered ambient backscatter cooperative communication networks. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.21900513.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3029246","article-title":"Outage performance analysis for an opportunistic source selection based two-way cooperative ambient backscatter communication system","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.862417","article-title":"A simple cooperative diversity method based on network path selection","volume":"24","author":"Bletsas","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.06020050","article-title":"Cooperative communications with outage-optimal opportunistic relaying","volume":"6","author":"Bletsas","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14037","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3029340","article-title":"Backscatter communication powered by selective relaying","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3179019","article-title":"Relay Selection-Based Cooperative Backscatter Transmission With Energy Harvesting: Throughput Maximization","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.042313.130389","article-title":"A lightweight selection cooperation protocol with multiple available best relays","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.080504","article-title":"Outage behavior of selective relaying schemes","volume":"8","author":"Woradit","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6","article-title":"Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"1","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2009.2023681","article-title":"Hierarchical cooperation in ad hoc networks: Optimal clustering and achievable throughput","volume":"55","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2817555","article-title":"Blind channel estimation for ambient backscatter communication systems","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2925212","article-title":"Channel estimation for ambient backscatter communication systems with massive-antenna reader","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2013.081413.130438","article-title":"Exact outage probability of Nth-best multicast relay networks with co-channel interference","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gradshteyn, I.S., and Ryzhik, I.M. (2007). Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press Inc.. [7th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:03Z","timestamp":1760126283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135791","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}}}