{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:03:35Z","timestamp":1767891815952,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, profoundly affects patients\u2019 quality of life due to the unpredictable nature of seizures. The development of a reliable and user-friendly wearable EEG system capable of detecting and predicting seizures has the potential to revolutionize epilepsy care. However, optimizing electrode configurations for such systems, which is crucial for balancing accuracy and practicality, remains to be explored. This study addresses this gap by developing a systematic approach to optimize electrode configurations for a seizure detection machine-learning algorithm. Our approach was applied to an extensive database of prolonged annotated EEG recordings from 158 epilepsy patients. Multiple electrode configurations ranging from one to eighteen were assessed to determine the optimal number of electrodes. Results indicated that the performance was initially maintained as the number of electrodes decreased, but a drop in performance was found to have occurred at around eight electrodes. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of all eight-electrode configurations was conducted using a computationally intensive workflow to identify the optimal configurations. This approach can inform the mechanical design process of an EEG system that balances seizure detection accuracy with the ease of use and portability. Additionally, this framework holds potential for optimizing hardware in other machine learning applications. The study presents a significant step towards the development of an efficient wearable EEG system for seizure detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T02:09:17Z","timestamp":1687399757000},"page":"5805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimizing Electrode Configurations for Wearable EEG Seizure Detection Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0379-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagar","family":"Gelbard-Sagiv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Snir","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Getter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Guendelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-4693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Benninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dror","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Schneider Children\u2019s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Shriki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Ben-Sasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHelp Ltd., Ramat-Gan 5252181, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600265","article-title":"Epilepsy: A review of selected clinical syndromes and advances in basic science","volume":"26","author":"Stafstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019). Epilepsy: A Public Health Imperative, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001005","article-title":"Epilepsy-related clinical characteristics and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003685","article-title":"Practice guideline summary: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society","volume":"88","author":"Harden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","article-title":"Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.0959","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery for patients with genetic refractory epilepsy: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Stevelink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Rev-1818","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17714.1","article-title":"Presurgical epilepsy evaluation and epilepsy surgery","volume":"8","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001280","article-title":"Long-term treatment with responsive brain stimulation in adults with refractory partial seizures","volume":"84","author":"Bergey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.07.034","article-title":"How does the ketogenic diet induce anti-seizure effects?","volume":"637","author":"Rho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6715a1","article-title":"Active Epilepsy and Seizure Control in Adults\u2014United States, 2013 and 2015","volume":"67","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.08.019","article-title":"Determinants of quality of life in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Loring","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107790","article-title":"Pharmacoresistance\u2014Epidemiology, mechanisms, and impact on epilepsy treatment","volume":"168","author":"Janmohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.02.007","article-title":"Seizure Detection Devices for use in Antiseizure Medication Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review","volume":"66","author":"Kurada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00701","article-title":"Epileptic Seizure Detection and Experimental Treatment: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2010.936545","article-title":"Wearable electroencephalography. What is it, why is it needed, and what does it entail?","volume":"29","author":"Casson","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724904","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724904","article-title":"Prospective Study of a Multimodal Convulsive Seizure Detection Wearable System on Pediatric and Adult Patients in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit","volume":"12","author":"Onorati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101702","article-title":"A review of feature extraction and performance evaluation in epileptic seizure detection using EEG","volume":"57","author":"Boonyakitanont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.07.012","article-title":"Non-EEG seizure detection systems and potential SUDEP prevention: State of the art: Review and update","volume":"41","author":"Cuppens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"414","article-title":"A review of significant research on epileptic seizure detection and prediction using heart rate variability","volume":"46","author":"Behbahani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk Kardiyol. Dern. Ars."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117611","article-title":"Commercially available seizure detection devices: A systematic review","volume":"428","author":"Shum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700410","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2861882","article-title":"An Ultra-Low Power Smart Headband for Real-Time Epileptic Seizure Detection","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.01.003","article-title":"Non-EEG based ambulatory seizure detection designed for home use: What is available and how will it influence epilepsy care?","volume":"57","author":"Thijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e10549","article-title":"Current Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies: Scope, Limitations and Recommendations for Future Action","volume":"12","author":"Sarmast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00464-1","article-title":"Cycles in epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Karoly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30274-6","article-title":"Circadian and circaseptan rhythms in human epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Karoly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15908-3","article-title":"Critical slowing down as a biomarker for seizure susceptibility","volume":"11","author":"Maturana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.01.016","article-title":"Epilepsy and Sleep Related Breathing Disturbances","volume":"156","author":"Somboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.11.008","article-title":"Strong relationship between NREM sleep, epilepsy and plastic functions\u2014A conceptual review on the neurophysiology background","volume":"150","author":"Ujma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2021.02.011","article-title":"Sleep and Epilepsy, Clinical Spectrum and Updated Review","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-00093-6","article-title":"Wearable EEG and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Casson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ke, G., Meng, Q., Finley, T., Wang, T., Chen, W., Ma, W., Ye, Q., and Liu, T.-Y. (2017, January 4\u20139). Lightgbm: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree, 3149-3157. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.08.004","article-title":"Patient and caregiver view on seizure detection devices: A survey study","volume":"41","author":"Britton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13748-016-0094-0","article-title":"Learning from imbalanced data: Open challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, C., Yang, Y., Truong, N.D., Wang, C., Nikpour, A., and Kavehei, O. (2021). Towards long term monitoring: Seizure detection with reduced electroencephalogram channels. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.14.21267701"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.08.011","article-title":"EPILEPSIAE\u2014A European epilepsy database","volume":"106","author":"Ihle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-020-00105-1","article-title":"A review of epileptic seizure detection using machine learning classifiers","volume":"7","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sopic, D., Teijeiro, T., Atienza, D., Aminifar, A., and Ryvlin, P. (2022). Personalized seizure signature: An interpretable approach to false alarm reduction for long-term epileptic seizure detection. Epilepsia, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17176"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-0082-3","article-title":"The earth mover\u2019s distance and Bayesian linear discriminant analysis for epileptic seizure detection in scalp EEG","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acar, G., Ozturk, O., Golparvar, A.J., Elboshra, T.A., B\u00f6hringer, K., and Yapici, M.K. (2019). Wearable and Flexible Textile Electrodes for Biopotential Signal Monitoring: A review. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8050479"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817733","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.817733","article-title":"Expert Perspective: Who May Benefit Most From the New Ultra Long-Term Subcutaneous EEG Monitoring?","volume":"12","author":"Pathmanathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109220","article-title":"Validation of an EEG seizure detection paradigm optimized for clinical use in a chronically implanted subcutaneous device","volume":"358","author":"Bacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0725-3","article-title":"Automatic sleep stage classification based on subcutaneous EEG in patients with epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Gangstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meghdadi, A.H., Stevanovi\u0107 Kari\u0107, M., McConnell, M., Rupp, G., Richard, C., Hamilton, J., Salat, D., and Berka, C. (2021). Resting state EEG biomarkers of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244180"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.08.013","article-title":"Wake and sleep EEG provide biomarkers in depression","volume":"44","author":"Steiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00191","article-title":"EEG-Based Prediction of Cognitive Load in Intelligence Tests","volume":"13","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5805\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:19Z","timestamp":1760126299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}}}