{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:57:52Z","timestamp":1772474272429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004947","name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OR14- 053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OR14- 053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advancements in vehicle automation and driver-assistance systems that detect pavement markings has increased the importance of the detectability of pavement markings through various sensor modalities across weather and road conditions. Among the sensing techniques, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors have become popular for vehicle-automation applications. This study used low-cost mobile multi-beam LiDAR to assess the performance of several types of pavement marking materials installed on a limited-access highway in various conditions, and quantified the degradation in detection performance over three years. Four marking materials, HPS-8, polyurea, cold plastic, and sprayable thermoplastic, were analyzed in the current study. LiDAR reflectivity data extracted from a total of 210 passes through the test sections were analyzed. A new detectability score based on LiDAR intensity data was proposed to quantify the marking detectability. The results showed that the pavement marking detectability varied across the material types over the years. The results provide guidance for selecting materials and developing maintenance schedules when marking detectability by LiDAR is a concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"5815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Longitudinal Degradation of Pavement Marking Detectability for Mobile LiDAR Sensing Technology in Real-World Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Keon D.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Sayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 D.","family":"Clover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI 48909, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1145\/361002.361007","article-title":"Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching","volume":"18","author":"Bentley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipski, C., Scholz, B., Berger, K., Linz, C., Stich, T., and Magnor, M. (2008, January 24\u201326). Fast and robust approach to lane marking detection and lane tracking. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, Santa Fe, NM, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIAI.2008.4512284"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Zhang, H., Duan, B., Yuan, H., and Zhao, H. (2008, January 12\u201315). Vision-based real-time lane marking detection and tracking. Proceedings of the 2008 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2008.4732527"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Wang, J., Wu, P., Shou, W., Fang, T., and Wang, X. (2020, January 18\u201320). Vision-Based Pavement Marking Detection\u2013A Case Study. 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Robust vehicle localization in urban environments using probabilistic maps. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509700"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5815\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:33Z","timestamp":1760126313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135815","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}}}